tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29770939644990992982024-03-12T19:34:40.412-07:00Muammar KhadafiNers AmmaRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17743315143081739375noreply@blogger.comBlogger39125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-64224853136028109792017-11-07T06:40:00.000-08:002017-11-07T06:40:01.139-08:00model konseptual keperawatan kesehatan jiwa <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Penelusuran yang terkait dengan makalah model konseptual keperawatan jiwa<br /><br />model konseptual keperawatan jiwa pdf<br /><br />model konseptual keperawatan kesehatan jiwa ppt<br /><br />model konseptual keperawatan jiwa model medikal<br /><br />model perilaku dalam keperawatan jiwa<br /><br />model keperawatan jiwa pdf<br /><br />makalah model keperawatan jiwa<br /><br />model interpersonal keperawatan jiwa<br /><br />model konseptual keperawatan jiwa psikoanalisa</span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAKALAH</span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MODEL KONSEPTUAL KEPERAWATAN
KESEHATAN JIWA</span></b><br />
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<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latar
Belakang</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Profesi keperawatan sebagai profesi
yang unik dan kompleks. Dalam melaksanakan prakteknya, perawat harus mengacu
pada model konsep dan teori keperawatan yang sudah ada. Konsep merupakan suatu
ide dimana terdapat suatu kesan yang abstrak yang dapat diorganisir dengan
simbol-simbol yang nyata. Sedangkan konsep keperawatan merupakan ide untuk
menyusun suatu kerangka konseptual atau model keperawatan. Model konseptual
keperawatan merupakan suatu cara untuk memandang situasi dan kondisi pekerjaan
yang melibatkan perawat didalamnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model konseptual keperawatan jiwa
sebagai usaha-usaha untuk menguraikan fenomena mengenai keperawatan jiwa. Teori
keperawatan jiwa digunakan sebagai dasar dalam menyusun suatu model konsep
dalam keperawatan dan model konsep keperawatan digunakan dalam menentukan model
praktek keperawatan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model konseptual keperawatan jiwa
terdiri dari beberapa pendekatan salah satunya model prilaku. Model prilaku
sebagai suatu proses perubahan tingkah laku sebagai akibat adanaya interaksi
antara stimulus dengan respons yang menyebabkan seseorang mempunyai pengalaman
baru. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam makalah ini membahas tentang :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Psikoanalisa?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Perilaku?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Eksistensi?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Interpersonal?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Medikal?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Komunikasi?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Keperawatan?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana
konsep model Sosial?</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah membaca makalah ini,
mahasiswa di harapkan mampu memahami model konseptual keperawatan jiwa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan Khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah membaca makalah ini
mahasiswa diharapkan mampu memahami tentang :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Psikoanalisa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Perilaku</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Eksistensi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Interpersonal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Medikal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Komunikasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Sosial</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk mengetahui konsep model
keperawatan jiwa yang terdiri dari Model Psikoanalisa, Model Perilaku, Model
Eksistensi, Model Interpersonal, Modal Medikal, Modal Komunikasi, Modal
Keperawatan, dan Modal Sosial.</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TINJAUAN TEORITIS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian Model Konseptual Keperawatan
Jiwa</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Konseptual</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model adalah contoh, menyerupai,
merupakan pernyataan simbolik tentang fenomena, menggambarkan teori dari skema
konseptual melalui penggunaan symbol dan diafragma, dan Konsep adalah suatu
keyakinan yang kompleks terhadap suatu obyek, benda, suatu peristiwa atau
fenomena berdasarkan pengalaman dan persepsi seseorang berupa ide, pandangan
atau keyakinan. Model konsepadalah rangkaian konstruksi yang sangat abstrak dan
berkaitan yang menjelaskan secara luas fenomena-fenomena, mengekspresikan
asumsi dan mencerminkan masalah. (Hidayat, 2006, hal.42)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model konseptual merupakan kerangka
kerja konseptual, sistem atau skema yang menerangkan tentang serangkaian ide
global tentang keterlibatan individu, kelompok, situasi, atau kejadian terhadap
suatu ilmu dan perkembangannya. Model konseptual memberikan keteraturan untuk
berfikir, mengobservasi dan menginterpretasi apa yang dilihat, memberikan arah
riset untuk mengidentifikasi suatu pertanyaan untuk menanyakan tentang fenomena
dan menunjukkan pemecahan masalah (Christensen & Kenny, 2009, hal. 29).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Konseptual dalam Keperawatan</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model konseptual keperawatan merupakan
suatu cara untuk memandang situasi dan kondisi pekerjaan yang melibatkan
perawat di dalamnya. Model konseptual keperawatan memperlihatkan petunjuk bagi
organisasi dimana perawat mendapatkan informasi agar mereka peka terhadap apa
yang terjadi pada suatu saat dengan apa yang terjadi pada suatu saat juga dan
tahu apa yang harus perawat kerjakan (Brockopp, 1999, dalam Hidayati, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model konseptual keperawatan telah
memperjelas kespesifikan area fenomena ilmu keperawatan yang melibatkan empat
konsep yaitu manusia sebagai pribadi yang utuh dan unik. Konsep kedua adalah
lingkungan yang bukan hanya merupakan sumber awal masalah tetapi juga perupakan
sumber pendukung bagi individu. Kesehatan merupakan konsep ketiga dimana konsep
ini menjelaskan tentang kisaran sehat-sakit yang hanya dapat terputus ketika
seseorang meninggal. Konsep keempat adalah keperawatan sebagai komponen penting
dalam perannya sebagai faktor penentu pulihnya atau meningkatnya keseimbangan
kehidupan seseorang (klien) (Marriner-Tomey, 2004, dalam Nurrachmah, 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari model konseptual keperawatan
(Ali, 2001, hal. 98) :</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menjaga konsisten asuhan keperawatan.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengurangi konflik, tumpang tindih, dan
kekosongan pelaksanaan asuhan keperawatan oleh tim keperawatan.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menciptakan kemandirian dalam memberikan
asuhan keperawatan.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberikan pedoman dalam menentukan
kebijaksanaan dan keputusan.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menjelaskan dengan tegas ruang lingkup
dan tujuan asuhan keperawatan bagi setiap anggota tim keperawatan.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konseptualisasi keperawatan umumnya
memandang manusia sebagai mahluk biopsikososial yang berinteraksi dengan keluarga,
masyarakat, dan kelompok lain termasuk lingkungan fisiknya. Tetapi cara pandang
dan fokus penekanan pada skema konseptual dari setiap ilmuwan dapat berbeda
satu sama lain, seperti penenkanan pada sistem adaptif manusia, subsistem
perilaku atau aspek komplementer (Marriner-Tomey , 2004, dalam Nurrachmah,
2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keperawatan Jiwa</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian
Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa( Yosep, 2010, hal. 1-2 )</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut American Nurses Associations
(ANA)</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keperawatan jiwa adalah area khusus dalam praktek keperawatan yang menggunakan
ilmu tingkah laku manusia sebagai dasar dan menggunakan diri sendiri secara
teraupetik dalam meningkatkan, mempertahankan, memulihkan kesehatan mental
klien dan kesehatan mental masyarakat dimana klien berada (American Nurses
Associations).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut WHO</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesehatan Jiwa bukan hanya suatu keadaan tidak ganguan jiwa, melainkan
mengandung berbagai karakteristik yang adalah perawatan langsung, komunikasi
dan management, bersifat positif yang menggambarkan keselarasan dan
keseimbangan kejiwaan yang mencerminkan kedewasaan kepribadian yang
bersangkutan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut UU KES. JIWA NO 03 THN 1966</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kondisi yang memungkinkan perkembangan fisik, intelektual emosional secara
optimal dari seseorang dan perkembangan ini selaras dengan orang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keperawatan jiwa adalah pelayanan
keperawatan profesional didasarkan pada ilmu perilaku, ilmu keperawatan jiwa
pada manusia sepanjang siklus kehidupan dengan respons psiko-sosial yang
maladaptif yang disebabkan oleh gangguan bio-psiko-sosial, dengan menggunakan
diri sendiri dan terapi keperawatan jiwa ( komunikasi terapeutik dan terapi
modalitas keperawatan kesehatan jiwa ) melalui pendekatan proses keperawatan
untuk meningkatkan, mencegah, mempertahankan dan memulihkan masalah kesehatan
jiwa klien (individu, keluarga, kelompok komunitas ).Keperawatan jiwa adalah
proses interpersonal yang berusaha untuk meningkatkan dan mempertahankan
perilaku sehingga klien dapat berfungsi utuh sebagai manusia (Sulistiawati dkk
, 2005, hal. 5).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen
Paradigma Keperawatan Jiwa</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip keperawatan jiwa terdiri dari empat komponen yaitu manusia, lingkungan, kesehatan dan
keperawatan(Sulistiawati dkk, 2005, hal. 5-6)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manusia</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi seseorang sebagai makhluk holistik yaitu bertindak, berinteraksi dan
bereaksi dengan lingkungan secara keseluruhan. Setiap individu mempunyai
kebutuhan dasar yang sama dan penting. Setiap individu mempunyai harga diri dan
martabat. Tujuan individu adalah untuk tumbuh, sehat, mandiri dan tercapai
aktualisasi diri. Setiap individu mempunyai kemampuan untuk berubahdan
keinginan untuk mengejar tujuan personal. Setiap individu mempunyai kapasitas
koping yang bervariasi. Setiap individu mempunyai hak untuk berpartisipasi
dalam pengambilan keputuasan. Semua perilaku individu bermakna dimana perilaku
tersebut meliputi persepsi, pikiran, perasaan dan tindakan.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lingkungan</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manusia sebagai makhluk holistik dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan dari dalam
dirinya dan lingkungan luar, baik keluarga, kelompok, komunitas. Dalam
berhubungan dengan lingkungan, manusia harus mengembangkan strategi koping yang
efektif agar dapat beradaptasi. Hubungan interpersonal yang dikembangkan dapat
menghasilkan perubahan diri individu.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesehatan</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesehatan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar manusia yang menunjukkan
salah satu segi kualitas hidup manusia, oleh karena itu, setiap individu
mempunyai hak untuk memperoleh kesehatan yang sama melalui perawatan yang
adekuat.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam keperawatan jiwa, perawat memandang manusia secara holistik dan
menggunakan diri sendiri secara terapeutik. Metodologi dalam keperawatan jiwa
adalah menggunakan diri sendiri secara terapeutik dan interaksinya
interpersonal dengan menyadari diri sendiri, lingkungan, dan interaksinya
dengan lingkungan. Kesadaran ini merupakan dasar untuk perubahan. Klien
bertambah sadar akan diri dan situasinya, sehingga lebih akurat
mengidentifikasi kebutuhan dan masalah serta memilih cara yang sehat untuk
mengatasinya. Perawat memberi stimulus yang konstruktif sehingga akhirnya klien
belajar cara penanganan masalah yang merupakan modal dasar dalam menghadapi
berbagai masalah kehidupan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa
bertujuan untuk mememberian asuhan keperawatan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan
masalah klien, merupakan proses terapeutik yang melibatkan hubungan kerja sama
antara perawat dengan klien, dan masyarakat untuk mencapai tingkat kesehatan
yang optimal (Carpenito, 1989 dikutip oleh Keliat,1991).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebutuhan dan masalah klien dapat
diidentifikasi, diprioritaskan untuk dipenuhi, serta diselesaikan. Dengan
menggunakan proses keperawatan, perawat dapat terhindar dari tindakan
keperawatan yang bersifat rutin, intuisis, dan tidak unik bagi individu klien.
Proses keperawatan mempunyai ciri dinamis, siklik, saling bergantung, luwes,
dan terbuka. Setiap tahap dapat diperbaharui jika keadaan klien klien berubah.
Tahap demi tahap merupakan siklus dan saling bergantung. Diagnosis keperawatan
tidak mungkin dapat dirumuskan jika data pengkajian belum ada. Proses
keperawatan merupakan sarana / wahana kerja sama perawat dan klien. Umumnya,
pada tahap awal peran perawat lebih besar dari peran klien, namun pada proses
sampai akhir diharapkan sebaliknya peran klien lebih besar daripada perawat
sehingga kemandirian klien dapat tercapai. Kemandirian klien merawat diri dapat
pula digunakan sebagai kriteria kebutuhan terpenuhi dan / atau masalah
teratasi. (Keliat, 2006, hal.1-3)</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-Prinsip
Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip-prinsip Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa menurut (Yosep, 2010, hal.6)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Roles and
functions of psychiatric nurse : competent care </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Peran dan fungsi keperawatan jiwa : yang kompeten).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Therapeutic
Nurse patient relationship</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (hubungan yang terapeutik antara
perawat dengan klien).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Conceptual
models of psychiatric nursing</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (konsep model keperawatan jiwa).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stress
adaptation model of psychiatric nursing</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (model stress
dan adaptasi dalam keperawatan jiwa).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biological
context of psychiatric nursing care</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (keadaan-keadaan
biologis dalam keperawatan jiwa).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Psychological
context of psychiatric nursing care</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (keadaan-keadaan
psikologis dalam keperawatan jiwa).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sociocultural
context of psychiatric nursing care</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (keadaan-keadaan
sosial budaya dalam keperawatan jiwa).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Environmental
context of psychiatric nursing care</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (keadaan-keadaan
lingkungan dalam keperawatan jiwa).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Legal ethical
context of psychiatric nursing care</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (keadaan-keadaan
legal etika dalam keperawatan jiwa).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Implementing
the nursing process : standards of care</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (penatalaksanaan
proses keperawatan : dengan standar- standar perawatan).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Actualizing
the Psychiatric Nursing Role</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> : Professional Performance Standards
(aktualisasi peran keperawatan jiwa: melalui penampilan standar-standar
professional).</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo1; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa model konsep keperawatan jiwa:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Psikoanalisa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan model yang pertama yang
dikemukakan oleh Sigmun Freud yang meyakini bahwa penyimpangan perilaku pada
usia dewasa berhubungan pada perkembangan pada anak. Setiap fase perkembangan
mempunyai tugas perkembangan yang harus di capai. Gejala yang nampak merupakan
simbul dari konflik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memakan waktu yang lama </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan tehnik asosiasi bebas dan analisa mimpi”
menginterpretasikan perilaku, menggunakan transferens untuk memperbaiki masa
lalu ,mengidentifikasi area masalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien dan terapis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien : mengungkapkan semua pikiran dan mimpi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapis:mengupayakan perkembangan transferens
menginterpretasikan pikiran dan mimpi pasien dalam kaitannya dengan konflik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelebihan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 105.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dasar
teori yang kuat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 105.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lebih
fokus dalam mengetahui menghadapi masalah klien </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 105.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
membuat klieen masalah apa yang selama ini tidak disadarinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 105.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biaya
yang banyak yang dikeluarkan oleh klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 105.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memakan
waktu yang lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 105.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klien
menjadi jenuh akibat waktu yang lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 105.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo47; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dibutuhkan
terapis yang benar benar sudah terlatih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Perilaku </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dikembangkan oleh H.J Esyenk,
J.Wolpe dan B.F Skiner. Teori ini menyakini bahwa perubahan perilaku akan
merubah koognitif dan avektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Desenlisasi / pengalihan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik relaksasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asertif training </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reforcemen/memberikan penghargaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Self regulation/mengamati perilaku klien : self
standar ketrampilan,self observasi , self evaluasi , self reforcemen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien dan terapis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempraktikkan teknik perilaku yang digunakan untuk
mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggalakan latihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapis :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengajarkan kepada klien tentang pendekatan perilaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membantu mengembangkan hirarki perilaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menguatkan perilaku yang diinginkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kurang
dapat menjelaskan adanya variasi tingkat emosi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hanya
mengakui adanya stimulus dan respon yang dapat diamati </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelebihan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak
dianjurkan hukaman dalam proses terapi penyembuhan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Eksistensi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori mengemukakan bahwa
penyimpangan perilaku terjadi jika individu putus hubungan dengan dirinya dan
lingkungannya. Keasingan diri dan lingkungan dapat terjadi karena hambatan pada
diri individu. Individu merasa putus asa,sedih,sepi,kurang kesadaran diri yang
mencegah partisipasi dan penghargaan pada hubungan dengan orang lain. Klien
sudah kehilangan/tidak mungkin menemukan nilai-nilai yang memberi arti pada
eksistensinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rational emotive therapy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konfrontasi digunakan untuk bertanggung jawab terhadap
perilakunya. Klien didorong menerima dirinya sebagai mana adanya bukan karena
apa yang dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapi logo </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapi orientasi masa depan. Individu meneliti arti
dari kehidupan , karena tanpa arti berarti eksis. Tujuannya agara induvidu
sadar akan tanggung jawabnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapi realitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien dibantu untuk menyadari target kehidupannya dan
cara untuk mencapainya. Klien didasarkan akan alternatif yang tersedia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien perawat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien : bertanggung jawab terhadap perilakunya dan
berperan serta dalam suatu pengalaman berarti untuk mempelajari tentang dirinya
yang sebenarnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapis : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membantu pasien untuk mengenali diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengklarifikasi realita dari suatu situasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengenali pasien tentangperasaan tulus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperluas kesadaran diri pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelebihan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo60; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memiliki 3 proses terapi ( terapi rational emotive,
terapi logo, terapi realitas )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Susah
menerima masukan dari orang lain </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo50; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klien
kehilangan atau tidak mungkin menemukan nilai nilai yang memberi arti eksetensi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Interpersonal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model ini diperkenalkan oleh Hary
Stack Sullivan. Sebagai tambahan Peplau mengembangkan teori interpersonal
keperawatan. Teori ini menyakini bahwa perilaku berkembang dari hubungan
interpersonal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Sulivan indivdu memadang
orang lain sesuai dengan apa yang ada pada dirinya , maksudnya kemampuan dalam
memahami diri sendiri dan orang lain yang menggunakan dasar hubungan antar
manusia yang mencakup proses intrepersonal perawat klien dan masalh kecemasan
yang terjadi akibat sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam proses interpersonal perawat
klien memiliki 4 tahap :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Orientasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perawat klien melakukan kontrak awal untuk BHSP dan
terjadi proses pengumpulan data</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Identivikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perawat memfasilitasi ekspresi perasaan klien dan
melaksanakan askep</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Eksplorasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perawat memberi gambaran kondisi klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resolusi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perawat memandirikan klien </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengeksplorasi proses perkembangan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengoreksi pengalaman interpersonal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reduksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengembangkan hubungan saling percaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien dengan terapis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasien : menceritakan ansietas dan perasaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terapis : menjalin hubungan akrab dengan pasien dengan
menggunakan empati dan menggunakan hubungan sebagai suatu pengalaman
interpersonal korektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelebihan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo55; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perawat memiliki wewenang untuk mengembangkan hubungan
antara perawat dan klin dimana perawat bertugas sebagai
narasumber/SDM/konsultan/wali bagi klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo55; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien mendapat keuntungan dengan memanfaatkan
pelayanan yang tersedia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kritik yang berlebihan akan mengembangkan sistem diri
yang negatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Medikal </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyimpangan perilaku merupakan
manifestasi gangguan SSP. Dicurigai bahwa depresi dan skizoprenia dipengaruhi
transmisi impuls neural serta gangguan sinap yaitu masalh biokimia . faktor
sosial dan lingkungan diperhitungkan sebagai faktor pencetus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengobatan : jangka panjang , jangka pendek </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapi suportif </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Insight oriented terapi yaitu belajar metode mengatasi
stressor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien dan terapis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien : pasien mempraktekkan regimen terapi dan
melaporkan efek terapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapis : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengguanakan kombinasi terapi somatik dan
interpersonal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menegakkan diagnosa penyakit PPDGJ</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menentukan pendekatan terapeutis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo52; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berfokus
pada diagnosa penyakit sehingga pengobatan didasarkan pada diagnosa itu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelebihan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Model
medikal terus mengeksplorasi penyebab gangguan jiwa secara ilmiah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo53; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
model medikal mengobati yang sakit dan proses pengobatan pada fisik tidak
menyalahkan perilaku kliennya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Komunikasi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori ini menyatakan bahwa gangguan
perilaku terjadi apabila pesan tidak dikomunikasikan dengan jelas. Bahasa dapat
digunakan merusak makna, pesan dapat pula tersampaikanmungkin tidak selaras.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase komunikasi ada 4 yaitu : pra
interaksi , orientasi , kerja , terminasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi umpan balik dan klarifikasi masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi penguatan untuk komunikasi yang efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi alternatif kolektif untuk komunikasi yang
tidak efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melakukan analisa proses interaksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien terapis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien : memperhatikan pola komunikasi , bermain
peran,bekerja untuk mengklarifikasi komunikasinya sendiri , memvalidasi peran
dari oarang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapis : menginterpretasikan pola komunikasi kepada pasien
dan mengajarklan prinsip komunikasi yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelebihan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi alternatif korektif untuk komunikasi yang
tidak efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah persepsi klien sehingga mereka berupaya
meningkatkan aktifitas dalam pencegahan penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien kadang sulit menerima pesan yang
diterima </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Keperawatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori ini mempunyai pandangan bahwa
askep berfokus pada respon individu terhadap masalah kesehatan yang actual dan
potensial dengan model pendekatan berdasarkan teori sistem , teori perkembangan
, teori interaksi , pendekatan holistik dan teori keperawatan. Fokus pada : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rentang sehat sakit </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori dasar keperawatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tindakan keperawatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil tindakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses keperawatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapi keperawatan : terapi modalitas </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien dan terapis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien : mengemukakan masalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 303.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapis :
memfasilitasi dan membantu menyelesaikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 303.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelebihan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 303.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendekatan
yang dilakukan dapat didasarkan pada bermacam-macam teori </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 303.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: 303.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya
berfokus pada respon individu terhadap masalah kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 303.0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Social </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Caplain situasi sosial dapat
mencetuskan gangguan jiwa . teori ini mengemukakan pandangan sosial terhadap
perilaku bahwa faktor sosial dan lingkungan menciptakan stress yang menyebabkan
ansietas yang menimbulkan gejala perilaku menyimpang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses terapi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pencegahan primer </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manipulasi lingkungan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi krisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peran pasien dan terapis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien : secara aktif menyampaikan masalahnya dan
bekerjasama dengan terapis untuk menyelesaikan masalahnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapis : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggali sistem sosial pasien </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membantu pasien menggali sumber yang tersedia </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menciptakan sumber baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelebihan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perawat mampu menganalisa faktor utama yang
menyebabkan klien mengalami gangguan jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien dapat membina hubungan baik dengan perawat
sehingga lebih mudah dalam proses pemulihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan sistem pendukung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Kekurangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo59; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membutuhkan waktu yang lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo59; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hanya berfokus pada respon individu
terhadap masalah kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesehatan Jiwa bukan hanya suatu keadaan tidak ganguan jiwa, melainkan
mengandung berbagai karakteristik yang adalah perawatan langsung, komunikasi
dan management, bersifat positif yang menggambarkan keselarasan dan
keseimbangan kejiwaan yang mencerminkan kedewasaan kepribadian yang
bersangkutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model konseptual keperawatan merupakan suatu cara untuk memandang situasi
dan kondisi pekerjaan yang melibatkan perawat di dalamnya. Model konseptual
keperawatan memperlihatkan petunjuk bagi organisasi dimana perawat mendapatkan
informasi agar mereka peka terhadap apa yang terjadi pada suatu saat dengan apa
yang terjadi pada suatu saat juga dan tahu apa yang harus perawat kerjakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model
konseptual keperawatan kesehatan jiwa terdiri dari 8 model yang terdiri
dariModel Psikoanalisa, Model Perilaku, Model Eksistensi, Model Interpersonal, Model
Medikal, Model Komunikasi, Model Keperawatan, dan Model Sosial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SARAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mahasiswa</span><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makalahinisangatbagusuntukdibacasebagaipedomankitadalammemahamiteoripeplau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> mengenai
konseptual model keperawatan jiwa interpersonal, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sehinggakedepannantikitabisaberkerjadenganbaik,danhubungan interpersonal
yang kitalakukanbaik.Sehinggakita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> bisa memberikankeperawatan yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kepada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan lebih mengetahui dan memahami tentang berbagai
macam model keperawatan jiwa yang dapat diterapkan kepada pasien.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelayanan kesehatan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan dapat melayani dan menangani klien yang
mengalami gangguan psikososial maupun gangguan jiwa</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stuart Gail. 2007 . <i>buku saku keperawatan
jiwa edisi 5</i>. Jakarta:EGC<b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suliswati dkk. 2005.<i> Konsep
dasar keperawatan kesehatan jiwa</i>. Jakarta:EGC<b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Isaacs ann. 2005.<i>panduan belajar keperawatan
kesehatan jiwa dan psikiatri edisi 3</i>. Jakarta:EGC<b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yosep Iyus. 2009.<i>keperawatan jiwa</i>.bandung:Refika
aditama<b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stuart dan sundeen’s.1998.<i>principle practice of
psychiatric nursing sixth edition. </i>St Louis, missour:mosby-year book<b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stuart dan larai.2001.<i>principles and practice of
psychiatric nursing.</i> St Louis mossour : westline industrial drive<b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Budi Anna Keliat, dkk 1998. <i>Proses
keperawatan kesehatan jiwa. Jakarta:EGC</i><b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Christensen,P. J. dan Kenney, J.W. (2009), Proses
keperawatan Aplikasi Model Konseptual, Ed.4, Jakarta, EGC.<b><span style="background: white;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hidayat, A. Aziz
Alimul. 2007. <i>Pengantar Konsep Dasar Keperawatan</i>. Jakarta : Salemba
Medika</span><b><span style="background: white; color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zaidin, Ali. 2002. <i>Dasar-Dasar Keperawatan
Profesional</i>. Jakarta: Widya Medika</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-60695598705058403012017-10-06T07:00:00.000-07:002017-10-06T07:00:58.690-07:00 MAKALAH PENYAKIT SISTEM PENCERNAAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />KATA PENGANTAR<br />Puji syukur saya panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya,sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.<br />Makalah ini di susun agar dapat mengetahui analisis penyakit-penyakit yang ada pada pencernaan. Makalah ini membahas tentang definisi, etiologi, manifestasi klinis, pemeriksaan penunjang, tata pelaksanaan medis atau keperawatan penyakit pada sistem pencernaan.<br />Dengan ini kami mengucapkan terimakasih atas terselesainya tugas makalah ini. Semoga dapat bermanfaat untuk menambah informasi serta pengetahuan.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Penyusun<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />DAFTAR ISI<br />Kata pengantar......................................................................................... <br />Daftar isi................................................................................................... <br />BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN............................................................................... <br />1.1 Latar Belakang.......................................................................... <br />1.2 Rumusan Masalah.............................................................. <br />1.3 Tujuan....................................................................................... <br />BAB 2 PEMBAHASAN <br />2.1 Tentang Penyakit GE (Gastroenteritis / diare )........................... <br /> 2.2 Tentang Penyakit GASTRITIS..................................................... <br /> 2.3 Tentang Penyakit KONSTIPASI.................................................. <br /> 2.4 Tentang Penyakit KANKER KOLON.......................................... <br /><br />BAB 3 KESIMPULAN<br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />BAB 1<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />1.1 LATAR BELAKANG<br />Sistem pencernaan atau sistem gastroinstestinal (mulai dari mulut sampai anus) adalah sistem organ dalam manusia yang berfungsi untuk menerima makanan, mencernanya menjadi zat-zat gizi dan energi, menyerap zat-zat gizi ke dalam aliran darah serta membuang bagian makanan yang tidak dapat dicerna atau merupakan sisa proses tersebut dari tubuh.<br />Saluran pencernaan terdiri dari mulut, tenggorokan (faring), kerongkongan, lambung, usus halus, usus besar, rektum dan anus. Sistem pencernaan juga meliputi organ-organ yang terletak diluar saluran pencernaan, yaitu pankreas, hati dan kandung empedu.<br /><br />Penyakit pencernaan adalah suatu keadaan abnormal atau gangguan pada sistem pencernaan. Penyakit yang menyerang sistem pencernaan meliputi gastritis,GE (Gastroenteritis),konstipasi,kanker colon.<br /><br />1.2 RUMUSAN MASALAH<br />1. Apa definisi penyakit Gatritis?<br />2. Apa definisi penyakit GE?<br />3. Apa definisi penyakit Konstipasi?<br />4. Apa definisi penyakit Kanker kolon?<br /><br />1.3 TUJUAN<br />a. Untuk mengetahui definisi penyakit Gatritis, GE, Konstipasi, Kanker kolon<br />b. Untuk mengetahui etiologi penyakit Gatritis, GE, Konstipasi, Kanker kolon<br />c. Untuk mengetahui manifestasi klinis penyakit Gatritis, GE, Konstipasi, Kanker kolon<br />d. Untuk mengetahui pemeriksaan penunjang penyakit Gatritis, GE, Konstipasi, Kanker kolon<br />e. Untuk mengetahui tata pelaksanaan medis/keperawatan penyakit Gatritis, GE, Konstipasi, Kanker kolon<br /><br />BAB 2<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />2.1 GASTROENTERITIS<br /><br />2.1.1 DEFINISI<br />Gastroenteritis atau diare akut adalah kekerapan dan keenceran BAB dimana frekuensinya lebih dari 3 kali perhari dan banyaknya lebih dari 200 – 250 gram. Istilah gastroenteritis digunakan secara luas untuk menguraikan pasien yang mengalami perkembangan diare. Istilah ini menjadi acuan bahwa terjadi proses inflamasi dalam lambung dan usus. (Syaiful Noer, 1996 ).<br />Diare adalah buang air besar (defekasi) dengan jumlah tinja yang lebih banyak dari biasanya (normal 100 – 200 ml per jam tinja), dengan tinja berbentuk cairan atau setengah cair (setengah padat) dapat pula disertai frekuensi yang meningkat. Gastroenteritis (diare akut) adalah inflamasi lambung dan usus yang disebabkan oleh berbagai bakteri , virus, dan pathogen parasitic. Diare adalah defekasi yang tidak normal baik frekuensi maupun konsistensinya, frekuensi diare lebih dari 4 kali sehari (Arif Mansjoer, 1999 : 501).<br /> <br />2.1.2 ETIOLOGI<br />Faktor infeksi <br />a. Infeksi internal, yaitu saluran pencernaan yang merupakan penyebab utama diare. Penyebab gastroenteritis (diare akut) oleh parasit adalah balantidium coli, capillaria philippinensis, cryptosporidium, entamoeba histolitica, giarsia lamblia, isospora billi, fasiolapsis buski, sarcocystis suihominis, strongiloides stercoralis, dan trichuris trichuria.<br />b. Bakteri penyebab gastroenteritis (diare akut) dibagi dalam dua golongan besar, ialah bakteri non invasive dan bakteri invasive. Yang termasuk dalam golongan bakteri non invasive adalah : vibrio cholera, E. coli pathogen (EPEC,ETEC,EIEC). Sedangkan golongan bakteri invasiv adalah salmonella spp, shigella spp, E. coli infasif (EIEC), E. coli hemorrhagic (EHEC) dan camphylobcter.<br />c. Infeksi parenteral, yaitu infeksi di bagian tubuh lain di luar alat pencernaan seperti : otitis media akut tonsilopharingitis, dan sebagainya.<br /><br />2.1.3 MANIFESTASI KLINIS <br />Pasien dengan diare akibat infeksi sering mengalami nausea, muntah, nyeri perut sampai kejang perut, demam, lidah kering. Bila terjadi renjatan hipovolemik berat maka denyut nadi cepat (lebih dari 120 kali/menit) tekanan darah menurun tak terukur, pasien gelisah, muka pucat, ujung ekstremitas dingin dan kadang sianosis, kekurangan kalium dapat menimbulkan aritmia jantung. Perfusi ginjal dapat menurun sehingga timbul anuria, sehingga bila kekurangan cairan tak segera diatasi dapat timbul penulit berupa nekrosis tubular akut.<br />Secara klinis dianggap diare karena infeksi akut dibagi menjadi dua golongan pertama, kolerifrom, dengan diare yang terutama terdiri atas cairan saja. Kedua disentriform, pada saat diare didapatkan lendir kental dan kadang-kadang darah.<br /><br /><br />2.1.4 PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG <br />1.Tes laboratorium dari spesimen tinja.<br />Tes untuk mendeteksi virus lain yang menyebabkan gastroenteritis tidak digunakan rutin, namun unit Gastroenteritis virus pada CDC dapat membantu dengan analisa khusus berdasarkan kebutuhan kesehatan masyarakat.<br /><br />Perawatan ini harus dimulai di rumah. Oralit tersedia di apotek tanpa resep. Ikuti petunjuk tertulis di paket oralit, dan penggunaan air bersih atau direbus. Obat-obatan, termasuk antibiotik (yang tidak berpengaruh pada virus) dan perawatan lainnya, harus dihindari kecuali secara khusus direkomendasikan oleh dokter.<br /><br /> Orang dapat mengurangi kesempatan mereka terinfeksi oleh :<br />1.sering cuci tangan, <br />2.desinfeksi segera permukaan terkontaminasi dengan pembersih pemutih klorin berbasis rumah tangga, dan<br />3.segera mencuci pakaian kotor artikel.<br />Jika makanan atau air yang dianggap terkontaminasi, itu harus dihindari.<br />Gastroenteritis Rotavirus juga dapat dicegah dengan vaksin.<br /><br />Saat ini ada dua vaksin rotavirus tersedia lisensi yang melindungi terhadap diare berat dari infeksi rotavirus pada bayi dan anak-anak muda. Vaksin ini diberikan kepada anak-anak di tahun pertama mereka hidup dengan vaksin anak lainnya.<br /><br />2.1.5 TATA PELAKSANAAN MEDIS/ KEPERAWATAN (Ngastiyah, 1997).<br /><br />1. Pemberian cairan pada pasien diare dengan memperhatikan derajat dehidrasinya dan keadaan umum.<br />Jenis cairan<br /> Cairan peroral :<br />Pada pasien dengan dehidrasi ringan dan sedang atau tanpa dehidrasi dan bila anak mau minum serta kesadaran baik diberikan peroral berupa cairan yang berisi NaCl dan NaHCO3, KCI dan glukosa. Formula lengkap sering disebut juga oralit. Cairan sederhana yang dapat dibuat sendiri (formula tidak lengkap)hanya mengandung garam dan gula (NaCl dan sukrosa), atau air tajin yang diberi garam dan gula untuk pengobatan sementara sebelum di bawah berobat ke rumah sakit pelayanan kesehatan untuk mencegah dehidrasi lebih jauh.<br /><br />· PELAKSANAAN MEDIS<br />2.Pengobatan dietetik<br />Untuk anak dibawah 1 tahun dan anak di atas 1 tahun dengan BB kurang dari 7 kg jenis makanan :<br />a. Susu (ASI dan atau susu formula yang mengandung laktosa rendah dan asam lemak tak jenuh).<br />b. Makanan setengah padat (bubur) atau makanan padat (nasi tim).<br />c. Susu khusus yang disesuaikan dengan kelainan yang ditemukan.<br />Cara memberikannya :<br />a.Hari pertama : setelah dehidrasi segera diberikan makanan peroral. Bila diberi ASI/susu formula tapi masih diare diberikan oralit selang-seling.<br />b. Hari kedua – keempat : ASI /susu formula rendah laktosa penuh.<br />c. Hari kelima : bila tidak ada kelainan pasien dipulangkan. Kembali susu atau makanan biasa.<br /><br />3.Obat-obatan<br />a.Obat anti sekresi : dosis 25 mg /tahun dengan dosis minimum 30 mg. Klorpromazin dosis<br />0,5 – 1 mg /kg bb /hari.<br />b. Obat spasmolitik.<br />c. Antibiotik<br /><br /><br /><br />2.2 GASTRITIS<br /><br />2.2.1 DEFINISI<br />Gastritis adalah peradangan lokal atau menyebar pada mukosa lambung yang berkembang apabila mekanisme protektif mukosa di penuhi dengan bakteri atau bahan iritasi lain.Gastritis adalah suatu peradangan mukosa lambung yang dapat bersifat akut, kronik, difusi atau local. Gastritis dapat dibagi menjadi dua antara lain. (Reeves. Lockhart,2001)<br />1. Gastritis akut<br />Proses peradangan lambung jangka pendek yang terkait dengan konsumsi agar kimia atau makanan yang mengganggu dan merusak mukosa gastrik.<br />2. Gastritis Kronis<br />a. Tipe A mampu menghasilkan imun sendiri. Tipe ini berhubungan dengan atropi dari kelenjar lambung dan penurunan mukosa, akibat adanya penurunan sekresi gastrik ini mempengaruhi produksi antibodi yang berlanjut pada anemia pernisiosa.<br />b. Tipe B di kaitkan dengan infeksi bakteri Helicobacter pylori yang menimbulkan ulkus pada dinding lambung yang sering terjadi dengan karakteristik adanya anoreksia, rasa penuh dan tidak enak pada epigastrium, mual dan muntah yang penyebabnya sering tidak diketahui. (Long ; C. B, 2006).<br /><br />2.2.2 ETIOLOGI<br />Gastritis dapat timbul tanpa diketahui penyebabnya. Penyebab yang sering dijumpai adalah :<br />1. Obat analgetik - anti inflamasi terutama aspirin. Aspirin dalam dosis rendah sudah dapat menyebabkan erosi mukosa lambung<br />2. Bahan kimia misalnya lisol<br />3. Merokok<br />4. Alkohol<br />5. Stres fisis yang disebabkan oleh luka bakar, sepsis, trauma, pembedahan gagal, pernafasan, gagal ginjal, kerusakan susunan saraf pusat.<br />6. Refleksi usus lambung<br /><br />2.2.3 MANIFESTASI KLINIS <br />1. Gastritis akut : muntah darah, nyeri epigastrium, nausea dan rasa ingin muntah, nyeri tekan yang ringan pada epigastrium.<br />2. Gastritis kronik : nyeri ulu hati, anoreksia, nausea, nyeri seperti ulkus peptik, anemia, nyeri tekan epigastrium, cairan lambung terganggu, kadar gastrin serum tinggi (Inayah. I, 2004).<br /><br /><br />2.2.4 PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG (Inayah. I, 2004)<br />1. Endoskopi<br />Pemeriksaan bagian dalam sesuatu alat memakai endoskop<br />2. Histopologi biopsi mukosa lambung<br />Pengambilan jaringan dari penderita secara bedah untuk pemeriksaan mikroskopik<br />3. Radiologi dengan konsep ganda<br />Ilmu tentang energi dan zat-zat radioaktif khususnya cabang ilmu kedokteran yang menggunakan energi radioaktif dalam diagnosis dan pengobatan penyakit.<br /><br /><br />2.2.5 TATA PELAKSANAAN KEPERAWATAN<br />1. Mengatasi kedaruratan medis yang terjadi <br />2. Mengatasi atau menghindari penyebab apabila dapat dijumpai<br />3. Pemberian obat - obatan H 2 blocking antacid atau obat - obat ulkus lambung yang lain.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2.3 KONSTIPASI<br />2.3.1 DEFINISI<br />Konstipasi adalah Mengacu pada feses yang kering, atau bagian dari feses dalam jangka waktu yang terjadi ketika gerakan tinja di usus besar tarjadi kelambatan sehingga memungkinkan kurangnya reabsorpsi cairan dari usus besar. Sembelit adalah bagian dari feses yang terlalu kering dan keras. Dalam definisi ini tidak menyebutkan frekuensi, mungkin beberapa orang menyebutkan merasakan konstipasi dan belum memiliki gerakan usus sehari-hari, sementara yang secara teratur buang air besar tidak lebih dari tiga kali seminggu tidak sembelit.<br /> ( McShane dan mcLane (1998, pp, 31-32) dalam Barbara kozie, glenora Erb, rita olivieri. )<br /><br />2.3.2 ETIOLOGI (NANDA, 1994 dalam buku fundamental of nursing)<br />1. Kebiasaan tidak teratur buang air besar.<br />2. Berlebihan pencahar..<br />3. Meningkatkan psikologika stres.<br />4. Diet tidak seimbang.<br />Diet hambar dan diet rendah serat dalam jumlah besar karena itu menciptakan cukup residu dari produk-produk limbah untuk merangsang refleks untuk buang air besar. Residu rendah makanan seperti beras, telur, dan bersandar daging lebih perlahan-lahan bergerak melalui saluran pencernaan.<br />5. Tidak cukup cairan <br />Asupan cukup cairan mengurangi jumlah cairan di menyela, yang memasuki usus besar. Kurangnya cairan pada gilirannya mengakibatkan kotoran kering, lebih sulit.<br />6. Obat.<br />Beberapa obat, seperti morfin atau kodein serta adrenergik dan anti obat-obatan cholinergic, memperlambat mobilitas usus besar melalui tindakan mereka pada sistem saraf pusat, dengan demikian menyebabkan sembelit. Lain, seperti zat besi , memiliki efek astringent dan bertindak lebih lokal pada mukosa usus menyebabkan sembelit.<br />7. Kurangnya latihan.<br />Pada klien yang istirahat berkepanjangan, kelemahan otot umum meluas ke otot perut, diafragma dan dasar panggul, yang digunakan dalam buang air besar. Tidak langsung terkait dengan kekurangan latihan adalah kurangnya nafsu makan dan mungkin berikutnya kurangnya serat.<br />8. Umur.<br />Kelemahan otot yang biasa terjadi pada orang lanjut usia.<br /><br />2.3.3 MANIFESTASI KLINIS (Carpenito, Juall Lynda)<br />1. Penurunan bising usus<br />2. Mengeluh rectal terasa penuh<br />3. Mengejan dan nyeri saat defekasi<br />4. Pengosongan terasa adekua<br />5. Implikasi saat diraba<br /><br />2.3.4 PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG <br />1.Darah perifer lengkap <br />2.Glukosa dan elektrolit (terutama kalium dan kalsium) darah<br />3.Fungsi tiroid<br />4.CA<br />5.Anuskopi (dianjurkan dilakukan secara rutin pada semua pasien dengan konstipasi untuk menemukan adalah fisura,ulkus, hemoroid, dan keganasan)<br />6.Foto polos perut harus dikerjakan pada pasien konsitipasi, terutam yang terjadinya akut untuk menditeksi adanya implaksi feses yang dapat menyebabkan sumbatan dan perforasi kolon. Bila diperkirakan ada sumbatan kolon, dapat dilanjutkan dengan barium enema untuk memastikan tempat dan sifat sumbatan.<br />7.Pemeriksaan yang intensif dikerjakan secara selektif setelah 3 – 6 bulan pengobatan konstopasi kurang berhasil dan dilakukan hanya pada pusat – pusat pengelolaan konstipasi tertentu.<br />a.Ujian yang dikerjakan dapat bersifat anatomis (enema, proktosigmoidoskopi, kolonskopi) atau fisiologi (waktu singgah di kolon, sinedefekografi, manometri, dan elektromiografi). Proktosigmoidoskopi biasanya dikerjakan pada konstipasi yang baru terjadi sebagai prosedur penapisan adanya keganasan kolon-rektum. Bila ada penurunan berat badan, anemia, keluarnya darah dari rektum atau adanya riwayat dengan kanker kolon perlu dikerjakan kolonoskopi.<br /><br />b.Waktu persinggahan suatu bahan radio-opak di kolon dapat diikuti dengan melakukan pemeriksaan radiologis setelah menelan bahan tersebut. Bila timbunan zat ini terutama ditemukan di rektum menunjukan kegagalan fungsi ekspulsi, sedangkan bila di kolon menunjukan kelemahan yang menyeluruh.<br /><br />c.Sinedefecgrafi adalah pemeriksaan radiologios daerah anorektal untuk menilai evakuasi feses secara tuntas, mengidentifikasi kelainan anorektal dan mengevaluasi kontraksi serta relaksasi otot rektum. Uji ini memakai semacam pasta yang konsistensinya mirip feses, dimasukan ke dalam rektum. Kemudian penderita duduk pada toilet yang diletakkan dalam pesawat sinar X. Penderita diminta mengenjan untuk mengeluarkan pasta tersebut<br />• Uji manometri dikerjakan untuk mengukur tekanan pada rektum dan saluran anus saat istirahat dan pada berbagai rangsangan untuk menilai fungsi anorektal.<br />• Pemeriksaan elektromiografi dapat mengukur misalnya tekanan sfingter dan fungsi saraf pudendus, adkah atrofi saraf yangdibuktiikan dengan respons sfingter yang terhambat. Pada kebanyakan kasus tidak didapatkan kelainan anatomis maupun fungsional, sehingga penyebab dari konstipasi diseut sebagai non-spesifik.<br />2.3.5 TATA PELAKSANAAN KEPERAWATAN<br />1. Pengobatan non-farmakologis<br />a. Mendorong pasien untuk menanggapi keinginan untuk buang air besar dan mendirikan sebuah rutinitas untuk memiliki gerakan usus ketika dorongan paling mungkin untuk hadir.<br />b. Memastikan pasien makanan dan asupan cairan yang kondusif untuk memiliki gerakan usus. Buah-buahan segar, sayur dan sereal bran peningkatan massal usus sementara makanan tersebut sebagai bersandar daging, beras, dan telur meninggalkan residu kecil. (LuVerne wolf, merlen H W, herlen Zsohar)<br />2. Pengobatan farmakologis<br />a. Memperbesar dan melunakkan massa feses, antara lain : Cereal, Methyl selulose, Psilium.<br />b. Melunakkan dan melicinkan feses, obat ini bekerja dengan menurunkan tegangan permukaan feses, sehingga mempermudah penyerapan air. Contohnya : minyak kastor, golongan dochusate.<br />c. Golongan osmotik yang tidak diserap, sehingga cukup aman untuk digunakan, misalnya pada penderita gagal ginjal, antara lain : sorbitol, laktulose, gliserin<br />d. Merangsang peristaltik, sehingga meningkatkan motilitas usus besar. Golongan ini yang banyak dipakai. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa pencahar golongan ini bisa dipakai untuk jangka panjang, dapat merusak pleksusmesenterikus dan berakibat dismotilitas kolon. Contohnya : Bisakodil, Fenolptalein.<br /><br /><br />2.4 KANKER KOLON <br /><br />2.4.1 DEFENISI<br /><br />Colorectal Cancer atau dikenal sebagai Ca. Colon atau Kanker Usus Besar adalah suatu bentuk keganasan yang terjadi pada kolon, rektum, dan appendix (usus buntu). Di negara maju, kanker ini menduduki peringkat ke tiga yang paling sering terjadi, dan menjadi penyebab kematian yang utama di dunia barat. Untuk menemukannya diperlukan suatu tindakan yang disebut sebagai kolonoskopi, sedangkan untuk terapinya adalah melalui pembedahan diikuti kemoterapi.<br />Kanker colon adalah suatu kanker yang yang berada di colon. Kanker colon adalah penyebab kedua kematian di Amerika Serikat setelah kanker paru-paru. Penyakit ini termasuk penyakit yang mematikan karena penyakit ini sering tidak diketahui sampai tingkat yang lebih parah. Pembedahan adalah satu-satunya cara untuk mengubah kanker Colon. (ACS 1998)<br /><br /><br />2.4.2 ETIOLOGI<br /><br />Makanan-makanan yang pasti di curigai mengandung zat-zat kimia yang menyebabkan kanker pada usus besar. Makanan tersebut juga mengurangi waktu peredaran pada perut, yang mempercepat usus besar menyebabkan terjadinya kanker. Makanan yang tinggi lemak terutama lemak hewan dari daging merah,menyebabkan sekresi asam dan bakteri anaerob, menyebabkan timbulnya kanker didalam usus besar. Daging yang di goreng dan di panggang juga dapat berisi zat-zat kimia yang menyebabkan kanker. Diet dengan karbohidrat murni yang mengandung serat dalam jumlah yang banyak dapat mengurangi waktu peredaran dalam usus besar.<br />Makanan yang harus dihindari :<br />- Daging merah<br />- Lemak hewan<br />- Makanan berlemak<br />- Daging dan ikan goreng atau panggang<br />- Karbohidrat yang disaring (example: sari yang disaring)<br /><br />Makanan yang harus dikonsumsi:<br />- Buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran khususnya Craciferous Vegetables dari golongan kubis (seperti brokoli,brussels sprouts)<br />- Butir padi yang utuh<br />- Cairan yang cukup terutama air<br />Karena sebagian besar tumor Colon menghasilkan adenoma, faktor utama yang membahayakan terhadap kanker Colon menyebabkan adenoma. Ada tiga type adenoma Colon : Tubular, Villous dan Tubulo Villous. Meskipun hampir sebagian besar kanker Colon berasal dari adenoma, hanya 5% dari semua Adenoma Colon menjadi manigna, Villous Adenoma mempunyai potensial tinggi untuk menjadi manigna. (e.g Mormons, seventh Day Adventists).<br /><br />2.4.3 MANIFESTASI KLINIS<br /><br />Gejala lokalnya adalah :<br />1. Perubahan kebiasaan buang air<br />2. Perubahan frekuensi buang air, berkurang (konstipasi) atau bertambah (diare)<br />3. Sensasi seperti belum selesai buang air, (masih ingin tapi sudah tidak bisa keluar) dan perubahan diameter serta ukuran kotoran (feses). Keduanya adalah ciri khas dari kanker kolorektal<br />4. Perubahan wujud fisik kotoran/feses<br />Feses bercampur darah atau keluar darah dari lubang pembuangan saat buang air besar<br />Feses bercampur lendir <br />Feses berwarna kehitaman, biasanya berhubungan dengan terjadinya perdarahan di saluran pencernaan bagian atas<br /><br /> Timbul rasa nyeri disertai mual dan muntah saat buang air besar, terjadi akibat sumbatan saluran pembuangan kotoran oleh massa tumor<br /> Adanya benjolan pada perut yang mungkin dirasakan oleh penderita<br /> Timbul gejala-gejala lainnya di sekitar lokasi tumor, karena kanker dapat tumbuh mengenai organ dan jaringan sekitar tumor tersebut, seperti kandung kemih (timbul darah pada air seni, timbul gelembung udara, dll), vagina (keputihan yang berbau, muncul lendir berlebihan, dll). Gejala-gejala ini terjadi belakangan, menunjukkan semakin besar tumor dan semakin luas penyebarannya<br /><br />Gejala umumnya adalah :<br /><br /> Berat badan turun tanpa sebab yang jelas (ini adalah gejala yang paling umum di semua jenis keganasan)<br /> Hilangnya nafsu makan<br /> Anemia, pasien tampak pucat<br /> Sering merasa lelah<br /> Kadang-kadang mengalami sensasi seperti melayang<br /><br />Gejala penyebarannya adalah :<br /><br /> Penyebaran ke Hati, menimbulkan gejala :<br /> Penderita tampak kuning<br /> Nyeri pada perut, lebih sering pada bagian kanan atas, di sekitar lokasi hati<br /> Pembesaran hati, biasa tampak pada pemeriksaan fisik oleh dokter<br /> Timbul suatu gejala lain yang disebut paraneoplastik, berhubungan dengan peningkatan kekentalan darah akibat penyebaran kanker<br /><br /><br /><br />2.4.4 PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG<br />1. Endoskopi. Pemeriksaan endoskopi perlu dikerjakan, baik sigmoidoskopi maupun kolonoskopi. Gambaran yang khas karsinoma atau ulkus akan dapat dilihat dengan jelas pada endoskopi, dan untuk menegakkan diagnosis perlu dilakukan biopsi.<br />2. Radiologi. Pemeriksaan radiologi yang dapat dikerjakan antara lain adalah : foto dada dan foto kolon (barium enema).<br />Pemeriksaan dengan enema barium mungkin dapat memperjelas keadaan tumor dan mengidentifikasikan letaknya. Enema barium secara umum dilakukan setelah sigmoidoscopy dan colonoscopy.<br />Computer Tomografi (CT) membantu memperjelas adanya massa dan luas dari penyakit. Chest X-ray dan liver scan mungkin dapat menemukan tempat yang jauh yang sudah metastasis.<br />Pemeriksaan foto dada berguna selain untuk melihat ada tidaknya metastasis kanker pada paru juga bisa digunakan untuk persiapan tindakan pembedahan. Pada foto kolon dapat dapat terlihat suatu filling defect pada suatu tempat atau suatu striktura.<br /><br />3. Ultrasonografi (USG) Pemeriksaan ini berguna untuk mendeteksi ada tidaknya metastasis kanker kelenjar getah bening di abdomen dan di hati.<br /><br />4. Histopatologi , Selain melakukan endoskopi sebaiknya dilakukan biopsi di beberapa tempat untuk pemeriksaan histopatologis guna menegakkan diagnosis. Gambaran histopatologi karsinoma kolorektal ialah adenokarsinoma, dan perlu ditentukan differensiasi sel.<br />5. Laboratorium, Tidak ada petanda yang khas untuk karsinoma kolorektal, walaupun demikian setiap pasien yang mengalami perdarahan perlu diperiksa Hb. Tumor marker (petanda tumor) yang biasa dipakai adalah CEA. Kadar CEA lebih dari 5 mg/ ml biasanya ditemukan karsinoma kolorektal yang sudah lanjut.<br />6. Scan (misalnya, MR1. CZ: gallium) dan ultrasound: Dilakukan untuk tujuan diagnostik, identifikasi metastatik, dan evaluasi respons pada pengobatan.<br />7. Biopsi (aspirasi, eksisi, jarum): Dilakukan untuk diagnostik banding dan menggambarkan pengobatan dan dapat dilakukan melalui sum-sum tulang, kulit, organ dan sebagainya.<br />8. Jumlah darah lengkap dengan diferensial dan trombosit: Dapat menunjukkan anemia, perubahan pada sel darah merah dan sel darah putih: trombosit meningkat atau berkurang.<br />9. Sinar X dada: Menyelidiki penyakit paru metastatik atau primer.<br /><br /><br />2.4.5 TATA PELAKSANAAN MEDIS/ KEPERAWATAN<br />· Penatalaksanaan Medis<br />1. Pengobatan.<br />Bila sudah pasti ditemukan karsinoma kolorektal, maka kemungkinan pengobatannya adalah:<br /> a. Pembedahan Reseksi.<br />Satu-satunya pengobatan definitif adalah pembedahan reseksi dan biasanya diambil sebanyak mungkin dari kolon, batas minimal adalah 5 cm di sebelah distal dan proksimal dari tempat kanker. Untuk kanker di sekum dan kolon asendens biasanya dilakukan hemikolektomi kanan dan dibuat anastomosis ileo-transversal. Untuk kanker di kolon transversal dan di pleksura lienalis, dilakukan kolektomi subtotal dan dibuat anastomosis ileosigmoidektomi. Pada kanker di kolon desendens dan sigmoid dilakukan hemikolektomi kiri dan dibuat anastomosis kolorektal transversal.<br />b. Kolostomi<br />Kolostomi merupakan tindakan pembuatan lubang (stoma) yang dibentuk dari pengeluaran sebagian bentuk kolon (usus besar) ke dinding abdomen (perut), stoma ini dapat bersifat sementara atau permanen.<br />Tujuan Pembuatan Kolostomi adalah.<br />Untuk tindakan dekompresi usus pada kasus sumbatan / obstruksi usus. Sebagai anus setelah tindakan operasi yang membuang rektum karena adanya tumor atau penyakit lain. Untuk membuang isi usus besar sebelum dilakukan tindakan operasi berikutnya untuk penyambungan kembali usus (sebagai stoma sementara).<br />Perawatan Pasca Operasi Kolostomi<br />1. Keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit.<br />Asenden colostomy atau colostomy yang diikuti dengan reseksi mungkin faecesnya cair diperlukan menjaga keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit.<br />2. Perawatan kulit.<br /> Jika ada iritasi kulit harus dikaji secara tepat guna sehingga tindakan yang diambil tepat.<br />Prinsip pencegahan kulit sekitar stoma :<br />a. Pencegahan primer bertujuan untuk proteksi : Bersihkan dengan perlahan- lahan, gunakan skin barier, ganti segera kantong bila terjadi kebocoran / rembes atau penuh.<br />b. Pencegahan sekunder / penanganan kulit yang sudah terjadi kerusakan. Kulit dengan eritema : ganti kantong kolostomi setiap 24 jam, bersihkan ku1it dengan air hangat pakai kapas dan keringkan, gunakan kantong kolostomi yang tidak menimbulkan alergi ku1it yang erosi, sama dengan eritema tetapi setelah dibersihkan olesi daerah erosi dengan zalf misalnya zinksalf.<br />3. Diet.<br />Dianjurkan mengkonsurnsi diet yang seimbang terutama dengan stoma permanen. Diet yang dikonsurnsi sifatnya individual asal tidak menyebabkan diare, konstipasi dan menimbulkan gas.<br />4. Irigasi kolostomi bertujuan untuk:<br />a. Mengeluarkan faeses, gas dan lendir/mukus yang memenuhi kolon.<br />b. Membersihkan saluran pencernaan bagian bawah.<br />c. Menetapkan suatu pengeluaran sehingga dapat melakukan aktivitas normal.<br /><br />5. Membantu pasien stoma.<br /> a. Pertemuan grup<br /> b. Penyuluhan untuk pasien dan keluarga serta, support mental<br />c. Radioterapi<br />Setelah dilakukan tindakan pembedahan perlu dipertimbangkan untuk melakukan radiasi dengan dosis adekuat. Memberikan radiasi isoniasi pada neoplasma. Karena pengaruh radiasi yang mematikan lebih besar pada sel-sel kanker yang sedang proliferasi, dan berdiferensiasi buruk, dibandingkan terhadap sel -sel normal yang berada di dekatnya, maka jaringan normal mungkin mengalami cidera da1am derajat yang dapat ditoleransi dan dapat diperbaiki, sedangkan sel-sel kanker dapat dimatikan, selanjutnya dilakukan kemoterapi.<br />d. Kemoterapi<br />Kemoterapi yang diberikan ialah 5-flurourasil (5-FU). Belakangan ini sering dikombinasi dengan leukovorin yang dapat meningkatkan efektifitas terapi. Bahkan ada yang memberikan 3 macam kombinasi yaitu: 5-FU, levamisol, dan leuvocorin. Dari hasil penelitian, setelah dilakukan pembedahan sebaiknya dilakukan radiasi dan kemoterapi.<br /><br />· Penatalaksanaan Keperawatan<br />1. Dukungan adaptasi dan kemandirian.<br />2. Meningkatkan kenyamanan.<br />3. Mempertahankan fungsi fisiologis optimal.<br />4. Mencegah komplikasi.<br />5. Memberikan informasi tentang proses/ kondisi penyakit, prognosis, dan kebutuhan pengobatan.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />BAB 3<br />KESIMPULAN<br />KESIMPULAN<br />GASTROENTERITIS<br /> Gastroenteritis atau diare akut adalah kekerapan dan keenceran BAB dimana frekuensinya lebih dari 3 kali perhari dan banyaknya lebih dari 200 – 250 gram. Istilah gastroenteritis digunakan secara luas untuk menguraikan pasien yang mengalami perkembangan diare. Istilah ini menjadi acuan bahwa terjadi proses inflamasi dalam lambung dan usus.<br />GASTRITIS<br /> Gastritis adalah peradangan lokal atau menyebar pada mukosa lambung yang berkembang apabila mekanisme protektif mukosa di penuhi dengan bakteri atau bahan iritasi lain.Gastritis adalah suatu peradangan mukosa lambung yang dapat bersifat akut, kronik, difusi atau local.<br />KONSTIPASI<br /> Konstipasi adalah Mengacu pada feses yang kering, atau bagian dari feses dalam jangka waktu yang terjadi ketika gerakan tinja di usus besar tarjadi kelambatan sehingga memungkinkan kurangnya reabsorpsi cairan dari usus besar. Sembelit adalah bagian dari feses yang terlalu kering dan keras.<br />KANKER KOLON<br /><br />Colorectal Cancer atau dikenal sebagai Ca. Colon atau Kanker Usus Besar adalah suatu bentuk keganasan yang terjadi pada kolon, rektum, dan appendix (usus buntu). Untuk menemukannya diperlukan suatu tindakan yang disebut sebagai kolonoskopi, sedangkan untuk terapinya adalah melalui pembedahan diikuti kemoterapi. Kanker colon adalah suatu kanker yang yang berada di colon.<br /><br /><br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />C, 2015 penyakit pencernaan, www.aldodokter.com<br />L, 2015 penyakit gasritris, www.nuzulul-fkp09.web.unair.com<br /> E, 2015 Penyakit Gastroenteritis, www.askep.com<br /> D, 2015 Penyakit Konstipasi, www.mediastore.com<br /> C, 2015 Penyakit kanker kolon, www. Askep.com<br /> L, 2015 Sistem pencernaan, www.poraja.com<br /> E, 2015 Etiologi gasritis, www.turshina.com<br />D, 2015 Penatalaksanaan konstipasi, www.keshat.com</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-90588687067971950262017-10-06T06:56:00.000-07:002017-10-06T06:56:02.815-07:00Makalah Perkembangan Janin dan Bayi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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KATA PENGANTAR<br /><br />Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas berkat dan rahmatnya, kami dapat menyusun makalah tentang perkembangan janin yang disusun untuk memenuhi tugas mata pelajaran kesehatan reproduksi.<br />Makalah ini berisi tentang penjelasan perkembangan janin, tahap perkembangan janin per bulan dan per minggu.<br />Semoga makalah ini dapat bermanfaat untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang perkembangan janin.<br /><br /> <br /> Penyusun<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />BAB 1<br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br />A. LATAR BELAKANG<br />Kehamilan merupakan suatu proses yang alamiah dari seorang wanita. Kehamilan adalah pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin intrauterin mulai sejak konsepsi sampai permulaan persalinan Selama perjalanan kehamilan perubahan demi perubahan pada ibu dan janin akan semakin terlihat secara jelas. Jika ibu hamil mengalami perubahan pada fisikny atau luarnya maka janin juga mengalami perubahan dalam kehamilan. Tumbuh kembang janin dari yang semula kecil hingga janin siap lahir mengalami berbagai macam perubahan bentuk. Selain itu perubahan itu juga mengakibatkan perkembangan dari system yang ada pada janin. Berbagai macam sistem pada janin mulai berkembang hingga dewasa nantinya dan siap untuk dilahirkan.<br /><br />B. TUJUAN<br />Adapun beberapa tujuan dalam mempelajari tentang perkembangan masa prenatal dan masa bayi, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut : Agar kita lebih meningkatkan keimanan dan ketaqwaan kepada Allah SWT yang telah menciptakan kita.<br /><br /> Agar memberikan semangat kepada kita untuk mempelajari dan mengimani Al-Qur’an dimana didalamnya terkandung segala sesuatu termasuk proses perkembangan manusia.<br /> Agar mengetahui tahap-tahap/proses asal-usul kehidupan manusia dalam rahim/kandungan.<br /> Agar kita senantiasa berbakti kepada orangtua khususnya ibu yang telah mengandung dan melahirkan kita ke dunia.<br /> Mengetahui masa prenatal dan masa bayi yang seharusnya kita lakukan, dan seharusnya kita cegah dan hindarkan.<br /><br /> <br />BAB II<br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br />A. PERKEMBANGAN JANIN<br /> Perkembangan janin dimulai sejak fase konsepsi yaitu pertemuan inti ovum dengan inti spermatozoa. Saat ejakulasi, kurang lebih berisi 3 cc sperma dikeluarkan dari organ reproduksi pria yg kurang lebih berisi 300 juta sperma. Setelah masuk ke organ genetalia internal wanita, sperma akan menghadapi beberapa rintangan antara lain lender vagina yg bersifat vagina yg bersifat asam, lendir servis yg kental, panjangnya uterus, serta sillia yang ada di tube fallopi. Untuk bisa menghadapi rintangan tsb , maka sperma harus mempunyai akrosom dan melewati proses kapasitasi. Sedangkan, ovum akan dikeluarkan melalui ovarium sebanyak satu setiap bulan, ditangkap oleh fimbriae dan berjalan menuju tuba fallop. Tempat bertemunya ovum dan sperma paling sering adalah ampula tube. Sebelum keduannya bertemu, maka akan terjadi tiga fase yaitu sbb.<br />Ø Tahap penembusan korona radiate <br />Dari 200-300 juta hanya 300-500 yg sampai ke tube fallopi yg bias menembus korona radiate karena sudah mengalami proses kapasitasi.<br />Ø Penembusan zona pellusida<br />Zona pellusida adalah sebuah perisai glikoprotein di sekeliling ovum yg mempermudah dan mempertahankan pengikat sperma dan menginduksi reaksi akrosom. Spermatozoa lain ternyata bisa menempel di zona pellusida, tetapi hanya satu yg bisa menembus oosit.<br />Ø Tahap penyatuan oosit dan membran sel sperma<br />Setelah menyatu maka akan dihasilkan zigot yg mempunyai kromosom diploid ( 44 autosom dan 2 gonosom ) dan terbentuk jenis kelamin baru ( XX untuk wanita dan XY untuk laki-laki)<br /><br />Pembelahan<br />Setelah itu zigot akan membelah menjadi tingkat 2 sel ( 30 jam ),4 sel,8 sel,sampai dengan 16 sel disebut blastomer (3 hari ) dan membentuk sebuah gumpalan bersusun longgar. Setelah 3 hari sel-sel tersebut akan membelah membentuk buah arbei dari 16 sel disebut morula (4 hari). Saat morula memasuki rongga rahin , cairan mulai menembus zona pellusida masuk kedalam ruang antar sel yang ada di massa sel dalam. Berangsur-angsur ruang antar sel menyatu dan akhirnya terbentuklah sebuah rongga atau blastokel sehingga disebut Blastokista. Sel yang bagian dalam disebut embrioblas dan sel diluar disebut trofoblas.Zona pellusida akhirnya menghilang sehingga trofoblast bisa memasuki dinding Rahim ( endometrium ) dan siap berimplentasi.<br /><br />Nidasi/Implantasi<br />Nidasi atau implantasi adalah penanaman sel telur yang sudah dibuahi (pada stadium blastokista ) ke dalam dinding uterus pada awal kehamilan. Biasanya terjadi pada pars superior korpus uteri bagian anterior atau posterior. Pada saat implentasi, selaput lendir Rahim sedang berada pada fase sekretorik (2-3 hari setelah ovulasi ).<br />Proses Nidasi :<br />Blastoksista tingkat lanjut diselubungi oleh suatu simpati disebut trofoblas yg mampu menghancurkan dan mencairkan jaringan. Ketika blastokista mencapai rongga Rahim, jaringa endometrium berada dalam massa sekresi. Jaringan endometrium ini banyak mengandung sel-sel desidua yaitu sel-sel besar yg banyak mengandung glikogen, serta mudah dihancurkan oleh trofoblas. Blastula kedalam desidua, menyebabkan luka kecil yg kemudian sembuh dan menutup lagi.<br /><br />B.TAHAP PERKEMBANGAN JANIN PER MINGGU<br />Ø Minggu 1<br />Disebut sebagai masa germinal. Karakteristik utama masa germinal ini adalah pembelahan sel.<br />Sejak pembuahan / fertilisasi ovum oleh sperma, zigot yang terbentuk membelah diri sampai fase morula - blastula. Menjelang akhir minggu pertama terjadi implantasi di endometrium kavum uteri.<br /><br />Ø Minggu 2 <br />Terjadi diferensiasi massa selular embrio menjadi dua lapis (stadium bilaminer). Kedua lapisan itu ialah lempeng epiblas (akan menjadi ektoderm) dan hipoblas (akan menjadi endoderm).<br />Akhir stadium bilaminer ditandai munculnya alur primitif / alur sederhana (primitive streak).<br /><br />Ø Minggu 3<br />Terjadi pembentukan tiga lapis / lempeng yaitu ektoderm dan endoderm dengan penyusupan lapisan mesoderm di antaranya, diawali dari daerah primitive streak. Embrio disebut berada dalam stadium tiga lapis (stadium trilaminer). Dari perkembangan primitive streak terbentuk lempeng saraf (neural plate) dan menjadi lipatan saraf (neural fold) di bagian kranial. Struktur ini kemudian berkembang menjadi alur saraf (neural groove) dan nantinya akan menjadi tabung saraf (neural tube).<br /><br />Ø Minggu 4<br />Pada akhir minggu ke-3 / awal minggu ke-4, mulai terbentuk ruas-ruas badan (somit) sebagai karakteristik pertumbuhan periode ini. Embrio memproduksi hormon kehamilan (Chorionic Gonadotropin - HCG), sehingga apabila Anda melakukan test kehamilan, hasilnya positif.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-5 :<br />Terbentuk 3 lapisan yaitu ectoderm, mesoderm dan endoderm. Ectoderm adalah lapisan yang paling atas yang akan membentuk system saraf pada janin tersebut yang seterusnya membentuk otak, tulang belakang, kulit serta rambut. Lapisan Mesoderm berada pada lapisan tengah yang akan membentuk organ jantung, buah pinggang, tulang dan organ reproduktif. Lapisan Endoderm yaitu lapisan paling dalam yang akan membentuk usus, hati, pankreas dan pundi kencing.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke enam<br />Ukuran embrio rata-rata 2-4 mm yang diukur dari puncak kepala hingga bokong. Tuba saraf sepanjang punggung bayi telah menutup. Jantung bayi mulai berdetak pada minggu ini. Sistem pencernaan dan pernafasan mulai dibentuk, pucuk-pucuk kecil yang akan berkembang menjadi lengan kaki pun mulai tampak<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-7<br />Akhir minggu ketujuh, panjangnya sekitar 5-13 mm dan beratnya 0,8 gram, kira-kira sebesar biji kacang hijau. Jantung telah dibagi menjadi bilik kanan dan bilik kiri.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke 8<br />Panjang kira-kira 14-20 mm. Lengan semakin membesar dan ia memiliki siku. Semua ini terjadi hanya dalam 6 minggu setelah pembuahan. Bayi sudah mulai terbentuk diantaranya pembentukan lubang hidung, bibir, mulut serta lidah. Matanya juga sudah kelihatan berada dibawah membran kulit yang tipis.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-9 :<br />Telinga bagian luar mulai terbentuk, kaki dan tangan terus berkembang berikut jari kaki dan tangan mulai tampak. Ia mulai bergerak walaupun Anda tak merasakannya. Minggu ini, panjangnya sekitar 22-30 mm dan beratnya sekitar 4 gram.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-10 :<br />Semua organ penting yang telah terbentuk mulai bekerjasama. Pertumbuhan otak meningkat dengan cepat, hampir 250.000 sel saraf baru diproduksi setiap menit. Ia mulai tampak seperti manusia kecil dengan panjang 32-43 mm dan berat 7 gram.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-11 :<br />Panjang tubuhnya mencapai sekitar 6,5 cm. Baik rambut, kuku jari tangan dan kakinya mulai tumbuh. Sesekali di usia ini janin sudah menguap. Gerakan demi gerakan kaki dan tangan, termasuk gerakan menggeliat, meluruskan tubuh dan menundukkan kepala, sudah bisa dirasakan ibu. Bahkan, janin kini sudah bisa mengubah posisinya dengan berputar, memanjang, bergelung, atau malah jumpalitan yang kerap terasa menyakitkan sekaligus memberi sensasi kebahagiaan tersendiri.<br /><br />Ø Minggu 12 :<br />Bentuk wajah bayi lengkap, ada dagu dan hidung kecil. Jari-jari tangan dan kaki yang mungil terpisah penuh. Usus bayi telah berada di dalam rongga perut. Akibat meningkatnya volume darah ibu, detak jantung janin bisa jadi meningkat. Panjangnya sekitar 63 mm dan beratnya 14 gram. Jari kaki dan tangan mulai terbentuk termasuk telinga dan kelopak mata.<br /><br />Ø Minggu 13<br />Pada akhir trimester pertama, plasenta berkembang untuk menyediakan oksigen , nutrisi dan pembuangan sampah bayi. Kelopak mata bayi merapat untuk melindungi mata yang sedang berkembang. Janin mencapai panjang 76 mm dan beratnya 19 gram.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-14 :<br />Tiga bulan setelah pembuahan, panjangnya 80-110 mm dan beratnya 25 gram. Lehernya semakin panjang dan kuat. Lanugo, rambut halus yang tumbuh di seluruh tubuh dan melindungi kulit mulai tumbuh pada minggu ini. Detak jantung bayi mulai menguat tetapi kulit bayi belum tebal karena belum ada lapisan lemak.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-15 :<br />Tulang dan sumsum tulang di dalam sistem kerangka terus berkembang. Jika bayi Anda perempuan, ovarium mulai menghasilkan jutaan sel telur pada minggu ini. Kulit bayi masih sangat tipis sehingga pembuluh darahnya kelihatan. Akhir minggu ini, beratnya 49 gram dan panjang 113 mm . Bayi sudah mampu menggenggam tangannya dan mengisap ibu jari. Kelopak matanya masih tertutup.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-16 :<br />Bayi telah terbentuk sepenuhnya dan membutuhkan nutrisi melalui plasenta. Bayi telah mempunyai tulang yang kuat dan mulai bisa mendengar suara. Janin mulai bergerak . Semakin banyak kalsium yang disimpan dalam tulang bayi seiring dengan perkembangan kerangka. Bayi Anda berukuran 116 mm dan beratnya 80 gram.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-17 : <br />Dengan panjang 12 cm dan berat 100 gram, bayi masih sangat kecil. Lapisan lemak cokelat mulai berkembang, untuk menjaga suhu tubuh bayi setelah lahir. Tahukah Anda ? Saat dilahirkan, berat lemak mencapai tiga perempat dari total berat badannya. Rambut, kening, bulu mata bayi mulai tumbuh dan garis kulit pada ujung jari mulai terbentuk. Sidik jari sudah mulai terbentuk.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-18 :<br />Mulailah bersenandung sebab janin sudah bisa mendengar pada minggu ini. Ia pun bisa terkejut bila mendengar suara keras. Mata bayi pun berkembang. Ia akan mengetahui adanya cahaya jika Anda menempelkan senter yang menyala di perut. Panjangnya sudah 14 cm dan beratnya 140 gram. Bayi sudah bisa melihat cahaya yang masuk melalui dinding rahim ibu. Hormon Estrogen dan Progesteron semakin meningkat.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-19 :<br />Tubuh bayi diselimuti vernix caseosa, semacam lapisan lilin yang melindungi kulit dari luka. Otak bayi telah mencapai jutaan saraf motorik karenanya ia mampu membuat gerakan sadar seperti menghisap jempol. Beratnya 226 gram dengan panjang hampir 16 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-20 :<br />Tubuh bayi diselimuti vernix caseosa, semacam lapisan lilin yang melindungi kulit dari luka. Otak bayi telah mencapai jutaan saraf motorik karenanya ia mampu membuat gerakan sadar seperti menghisap jempol. Beratnya 226 gram dengan panjang hampir 16 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-21 :<br />Usus bayi telah cukup berkembang sehingga ia sudah mampu menyerap atau menelan gula dari cairan lalu dilanjutkan melalui sistem pencernaan manuju usus besar. Gerakan bayi semakin pelan karena beratnya sudah 340 gram dan panjangnya 20 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-22 :<br />Indera yang akan digunakan bayi untuk belajar berkembang setiap hari. Setiap minggu, wajahnya semakin mirip seperti saat dilahirkan. Perbandingan kepala dan tubuh semakin proporsional.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-23 :<br />Meski lemak semakin bertumpuk di dalam tubuh bayi, kulitnya masih kendur sehingga tampak keriput. Ini karena produksi sel kulit lebih banyak dibandingkan lemak. Ia memiliki kebiasaaan "berolahraga", menggerakkan otot jari-jari tangan dan kaki, lengan dan kaki secara teratur. Beratnya hampir 450 gram. Tangan dan kaki bayi telah terbentuk dengan sempurna, jari juga terbentuk sempurna.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-24 :<br />Paru-paru mulai mengambil oksigen meski bayi masih menerima oksigen dari plasenta. Untuk persiapan hidup di luar rahim, paru-paru bayi mulai menghasilkan surfaktan yang menjaga kantung udara tetap mengembang Kulit bayi mulai menebal.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-25 :<br />Bayi cegukan, apakah Anda merasakannya? Ini tandanya ia sedang latihan bernafas. Ia menghirup dan mengeluarkan air ketuban. Jika air ketuban yang tertelan terlalu banyak, ia akan cegukan. Tulang bayi semakin mengeras dan bayi menjadi bayi yang semakin kuat. Saluran darah di paru-paru bayi sudah semakin berkembang. Garis disekitar mulut bayi sudah mulai membentuk dan fungsi menelan sudah semakin membaik. Indera penciuman bayi sudah semakin membaik karena di minggu ini bagian hidung bayi (nostrils) sudah mulai berfungsi. Berat bayi sudah mencapai 650-670 gram dengan tinggi badan 34-37 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-26 :<br />Bayi sudah bisa mengedipkan matanya selain itu retina matanya telah mulai terbentuk. Aktifitas otaknya yang berkaitan dengan pendengarannya dan pengelihatannya sudah berfungsi, dapat memulai memperdengarkan lagu yang ringan dan mencoba untuk memberi cahaya lebih disekitar perut. Berat badan bayi sudah mencapai 750-780gram, sedangkan tingginya 35-38 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-27 :<br />Minggu pertama trimester ketiga, paru-paru, hati dan sistem kekebalan tubuh masih harus dimatangkan. Namun jika ia dilahirkan, memiliki peluang 85% untuk bertahan. Indra perasa mulai terbentuk. Bayi juga sudah pandai mengisap ibu jari dan menelan air ketuban yang mengelilinginya. Berat umum bayi seusia si kecil 870-890 gram dengan tinggi badan 36-38 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-28 :<br />Minggu ini beratnya 1100 gram dan panjangnya 25 cm. Otak bayi semakin berkembang dan meluas. Lapisan lemak pun semakin berkembang dan rambutnya terus tumbuh<br />Lemak dalam badan mulai bertambah. Walaupun gerakan bayi sudah mulai terbatas karena beratnya yang semakin bertambah, namun matanya sudah mulai bisa berkedip bila melihat cahaya melalui dinding perut ibunya. Kepalanya sudah mengarah ke bawah. Paru-parunya belum sempurna.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-29 :<br />Kelenjar adrenalin bayi mulai menghasilkan hormon seperti androgen dan estrogen. Hormon ini akan menyetimulasi hormon prolaktin di dalam tubuh ibu sehingga membuat kolostrum (air susu yang pertama kali keluar saat menyusui).<br />Selain itu otak bayi sudah bisa mengendalikan nafas dan mengatur suhu badan dari bayi. Postur dari bayi sudah semakin sempurna sebagai seorang manusia, berat badannya 1100-1200 gram, dengan tinggi badan 37-39 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-30 :<br />Lemak dan berat badan bayi terus bertambah sehingga bobot bayi sekarang sekitar 1400 gram dan panjangnya 27 cm. Karena ia semakin besar, gerakannya semakin terasa<br />Mata indah bayi sudah mulai bergerak dari satu sisi ke sisi yang lain dan dia sudah mulai belajar untuk membuka dan menutup matanya. Bayi sudah mulai memproduksi air mata. Berat badan bayi 1510-1550 gram, dengan tinggi 39-40 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-31 :<br />Plasenta masih memberikan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan bayi. Aliran darah di plasenta memungkinkan bayi menghasilkan air seni. Ia berkemih hampir sebanyak 500 ml sehari di dalam air ketuban .Tulang pada tubuh bayi sudah mulai mengeras, berkembang dan mulai memadat dengan zat-zat penting seperti kalsium, zat besi, fosfor. Berkebalikan dengan perkembangan fisiknya, pada fase ini perkembangan otaknyalah yang berkembang dengan sangat pesat dengan menghasilkan bermilyar sel. Apabila diperdengarkan musik, bayi akan bergerak. Berat badan bayi 1550-1560 gram dengan tinggi 41-43 cm<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-33 :<br />Bayi telah memiliki bentuk wajah yang menyerupai ayah dan ibunya. Otak bayi semakin pesat berkembang. Pada saat ini juga otak bayi sudah mulai bisa berkoordinasi antara lain, bayi sudah menghisap jempolnya dan sudah bisa menelan. Walaupun tulang-tulang bayi sudah semakin mengeras tetapi otot-otot bayi belum benar-benar bersatu. Bayi sudah bisa mengambil nafas dalam-dalam walaupun nafasnya masih di dalam air. Apabila bayinya laki-laki maka testis bayi sudah mulai turun dari perut menuju skrotum. Berat badan bayi 1800-1900 gram, dengan tinggi badan sekitar 43-45 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-34 :<br />Bayi berada di pintu rahim. Bayi sudah dapat membuka dan menutup mata apabila mengantuk dan tidur, bayi juga sudah mulai mengedipkan matanya. Tubuh bunda sedang mengirimkan antibodi melalui darah bunda ke dalam darah bayi yang berfungsi sebagai sistem kekebalan tubuhnya dan proses ini akan tetap terus berlangsung bahkan lebih rinci pada saat bunda mulai menyusui. Berat Badan bayi 2000-2010 gram, dengan tinggi badan sekitar 45-46 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-35 :<br />Pendengaran bayi sudah berfungsi secara sempurna. Lemak dari tubuh bayi sudah mulai memadat pada bagian kaki dan tangannya, lapisan lemak ini berfungsi untuk memberikan kehangatan pada tubuhnya. Bayi sudah semakin membesar dan sudah mulai memenuhi rahim bunda. Apabila bayi bunda laki-laki maka di bulan ini testisnya telah sempurna. Berat badan bayi 2300-2350 gram, dengan tinggi badan sekitar 45-47 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-36 :<br />Kulit bayi sudah semakin halus dan sudah menjadi kulit bayi. Lapisan lemak sudah mulai mengisi bagian lengan dan betis dari bayi. Ginjal dari bayi sudah bekerja dengan baik dan livernya pun telah memproduksi kotoran. Saat ini paru-paru bayi sudah bekerja baik bahkan sudah siap bertemu dengan mama dan papa. Berat badan bayi 2400-2450 gram, dengan tinggi badan 47-48 cm.<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-37 :<br />Kepala bayi turun ke ruang pelvik. Bentuk bayi semakin membulat dan kulitnya menjadi merah jambu. Rambutnya tumbuh dengan lebat dan bertambah 5cm. Kuku terbentuk dengan sempurna. Bayi sudah bisa melihat adanya cahaya diluar rahim. Bayi pada saat ini sedang belajar untuk mengenal aktifitas harian, selain itu bayi juga sedang belajar untuk melakukan pernafasan walaupun pernafasannya masih dilakukan di dalam air. Berat badan bayi di minggu ini 2700-2800 gram, dengan tinggi 48-49 cm<br /><br />Ø Minggu ke-38 hingga minggu ke-40 :<br />Proses pembentukan telah berakhir dan bayi siap dilahirkan.<br /><br /><br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-58822342989197239252017-10-04T15:41:00.003-07:002017-10-04T15:41:55.657-07:00MAKALAH BAYI BARU LAHIR (NEONATUS) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Latar belakang</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
baru lahir yaitu kondisi dimana bayi baru lahir
(neonatus), lahir melalui jalan lahir dengan presentasi kepala secara
spontan tanpa gangguan, menangis kuat, nafas secara spontan dan teratur,berat
badan antara 2500-4000 gram.Neonatus (BBL) adalah masa kehidupan pertama diluar
rahim sampai dengan usia 28 hari,dimana terjadi perubahan yang sangat besar
dari kehidupan didalam rahim menjadi diluar rahim.Pada masa ini terjadi
pematangan organ hampir pada semua system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus
(BBL) bukanlah miniature orang dewasa,bahkan bukan pula miniature anak.Neonatus
mengalami masa perubahan dari kehidupan didalam rahim yang serba tergantung
pada ibu menjadi kehidupan diluar rahim yang serba mandiri.Masa perubahan yang
paling besar terjadi selama jam ke 24-72 pertama.Transisi ini hampir meliputi
semua system organ tapi yang terpenting bagi anastesi adalah system pernafasan
sirkulasi,ginjal dan hepar.Maka dari itu sangatlah diperlukan penataan dan
persiapan yang matang untuk melakukan suatu anastesi terhadap neonates (BBL).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.
Tujuan Penulisan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang Pengertian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengumpulan Data</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian fisik bayi baru lahir</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan umum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
Fisik Pada Neonatus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana Asuhan Bayi 2 – 6 Hari</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bayi baru lahir (neonatus) adalah
suatu keadaan dimana bayi baru lahir dengan umur kehamilan 38-40 minggu,lahir
melalui jalan lahir dengan presentasi kepala secara spontan tanpa gangguan,
menangis kuat, nafas secara spontan dan teratur,berat badan antara 2500-4000
gram.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengumpulan
Data</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penilaian
atau evaluasi terhadap bayi baru lahir, antara lain meliputi penilaian tahap
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin, kesesuaian usia kehamilan; penilaian
adaptasi neonatal(skor APGAR,refleks); penilaian fisik neonatal secara
sistematik (ada/tidak kelaian morfologi/fisiologi); pemberian identifikasi
meliputi jenis kelamin, berat badan,panjang badan; serta menentukan penanganan
yang diperlukan. Klasifikasi bayi baru lahir (neonatus), dibedakan menurut tiga
kategori.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama,
klasifikasi neonatus menurut masa gestasi:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus
kurang bulan (preterm infant) : kurang 259 hari (37 minggu)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus
cukup bulan (term infant): lebih dari 259 sampai 294 hari (37-42 minggu)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus
lebih bulan (postterm infant): lebih dari 294 hari(42 minggu) atau lebih</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua,
klasifikasi neonatus menurut berat lahir:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus
berat lahir rendah: kurang dari 2500 gram.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus
berat lahir cukup : antara 2500 sampai 4000 gram</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatus
berat lahir lebih : lebih dari 4000 gram.</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketiga,
klasifikasi menurut berat lahir terhadap masa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gestasi,
dideskripsikan dengan masa gestasi dan ukuran berat lahir yang sesuai untuk
masa kehamilannnya, yaitu neonatus cukup/kurang/lebih bulan(NCB/NKB/NLB) apakah
sesuai/kecil/besar untuk masa kehamilan (SMK/KMK)</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
fisik bayi baru lahir</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
Pertama Pada Bayi Baru LahirPengkajian ini dilakukan di kamar bersalin setelah
bayi lahir dan setelah dilakukan pembersihan jalan nafas/resusitasi,
pembersihan badan bayi, dan perawatan tali pusat. Bayi ditempatkan di atas
tempat tidur yang hangat. Maksud pemeriksaan ini adalah untuk
mengenal/menemukan kelainan yang perlu mendapatkan tindakan segera dan kelainan
yang berhubungan dengan kehamilan, persalinan, dan kelahiran, misalnya; bayi
yang lahir dari ibu dengan diabetes melitus, eklamsia berat dan lain-lain,
biasanya akan mengakibatkan kelainan bawaan pada bayi. Oleh karena itu,
pemeriksaan pertama pada bayi baru lahir ini harus segera dilakukan. Hal ini
ditujukan untuk menetapkan keadaan bayi dan untuk menetapkan apakah seorang
bayi dapat dirawat gabung atau di tempat khusus. Dengan pemeriksaan pertama ini
juga bisa menentukan pemeriksaan dan terapi selanjutnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
fisik pada bayi baru lahir, dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Pertama, pengkajian
segara setelah lahir. Pengkajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji adaptasi bayi
baru lahir dari kehidupan dalam uterus kehidupan luar uterus, yaitu dengan
penilaian APGAR , meliputi appearance (warna kulit) pulse (denyut jantung)
grimace (refleks atau respon terhadap rangsang) activity (tonus otot) and
respiratory effourt (usaha bernafas). Pengkajian sudah dimulai sejak kepala
tampak dengan diameter besar di vulva (crowning). Kedua, pengkajian keadaan
fisik. Setelah pengkajian setelah lahir, untuk memastikan bayi dalam keadaan
normal atau mengalami penyimpangan. Pengkajian yang kedua ini akan lebih
lengkap apabila disertai dengan hasil pemeriksaan diagnostik /penunjang lain
dan catatan medik yang menunjang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
fisik pada bayi baru lahir merupakan bagian dari prosedur perawatan bayi segera
setelah lahir (immediate care off the newborn) :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari hasil anamnesis, meliputi
riwayat hamil, riwayat persalinan, riwayat keluarga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menilai skor APGAR</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan resusitasi neonatus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan perawatan tali pusat,
pemotongan jangan terlalu pendek dan harus diawasi setiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan identifikasi bayi dengan
member kartu bertulisan nama ibu, diikatkan di pergelangan tangan, atau kaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan pemeriksaan fisik dan
obserfasi tanda vital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meletakkan bayi dalam kamar transisi
(jika keadaan umum baik), atau dalam incubator jika ada indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan tempat perawatan; rawat
gabung, rawat khusus, atau rawat intensif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakuakn prosedur rujukan bila perlu.
Jika ada penyakit yang di turunkan dari ibu, misalnya penyakit hepatitis B
aktif, langsung diberikan vaksinasi (globulin) pada bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
pemeriksaan atau pengkajian fisik pada bayi baru lahir, antara lain sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menginformasikan prosedur dan minta
persetujuan orang tua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencuci tangan dan keringkan, bila perlu
pakai sarung tangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memastikan penerangan cukup dan hangat
untuk bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa
secara sistematis head to toe (kepala, muka, klavikula, lengan, tangan, dada,
abdomen, tungkai kaki, spinal dan genetalia).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentikikasi warna dan aktifitas
bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencatat miksi dan mekonium bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur lingkar kepala (LK), lingkar
dada (LD), lingkar perut (LP), lingkar lengan atas (LLA), menimbang berat badan
(BB) dan mengukur panjang badan (BB) dan mengukur panjang badan (PB) bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendiskusikan hasil pemeriksaan kepada orang tua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendokumentasi hasil pemeriksaan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 3.1 nilai APGAR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TANDA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Appearance</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(warna
kulit)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blue</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(seluruh
tubuh biru atau pucat)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Body
pink, limbs blue(tubuh kemerahan,ekstremitas biru)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All
pink (</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seluru tubuh kemerahan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulse</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(denyut jantung)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Absent
(tidak ada)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><100</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">>100</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grimace
(refleks)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">None
(tidak bereaksi)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grimace
(sedikit gerakan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cry
(reaksi melawan,menangis)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grimace</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(
tonus otot)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limp
(tidak bereaksi)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some
fleksion of limbs( ekstremitas sedikit fleksi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Active
movement, limbs well flexed (gerakan aktif, ekstremitas fleksi dengan baik)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respiratory</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(tonus
otot)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">None</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak ada)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slow,
irregular</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(lambat,tidak
teratur)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Good, strong cry</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(menangis kuat)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebelum melakukan pemeriksaan fisik
bayi baru lahir secara komplit, tenaga kesehatan perlu melakukan beberapa
pemeriksaan berikut ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 47.25pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan cairan amnion, untuk menilai
kelainan cairan amnio( volume) apakah selama kehamilan terjadi
hidramnion/oligohedramnion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 47.25pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan plasenta, untuk menentukan
keadaan plasenta, dan jumlah korion. Hal ini penting untuk menentukan adanya
kembar identik/tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 47.25pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan tali pusat, untuk menilai
adanya kelainan pada vena/arteri,ada tali simpul?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 47.25pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengukuran antropometri, minimal
meliputi BB (2500-3000 gram),PB (45-50 cm), LK (33-35), LD (30-33 cm).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
kesehatan bayi baru lahir yang penting dan harus juga di kaji, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor genetic, meliputi
kelainan/gangguan metabolic pada keluarga dan sindroma genetik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor maternal (ibu), meliputi adanya
penyakit jantung, diabetes mellitus,penyakit ginjal,penyakit hati, hipertensi,
penyakit kelamin, riwayat penganiayaan, riwayat abortus, RH/isoimunisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor antenatal, meliputi pernah
ANC/tidak, ada riwayat pendarahan, preeklamsia, infeksi, perkembangan
janin terlalu besar /terganggu,diabetes
gestasional,poli/oligohidramnion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Factor prenatal, meliputi premature/
postmatur, partus lama, penggunaan obat selama persalinan, gawat janin, suhu
ibu meningkat,posisi janin tidak normal, air ketuban bercampur mekonium,
amnionitis, ketuban peca dini (KPD), pendarahan dalam persalinan, prolapsus
tapi pusat, ibu hipotensi, asidosis janin, jenis persalinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
waktu 24 jam, apabila bayi tidak mengalami masalah apapun, segaralah melakukan
pemeriksaan fisik yang lebih lengkap. Pada saat melakukan pemeriksaan fisik
yang lebih lengkap. Pada saat melakukan pemeriksaan fisik bayi baru lahir,
pemeriksa hendaknya memperhatikan beberapa hal yang penting berikut ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa bayi dibawah pemancar panas
dengan penerangan yang cukup, kecuali ada tanda-tanda jelas bahwa bayi sudah
kepanasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk kasus bayi baru lahir rujukan, minta
orang tua/keluarga bayi hadir selama pemeriksaan dan sambil berbicara dengan
keluarga bayi serta sebelum melepaskan pakaian bayi, perhatikan warna kulit,
frekuensi nafas, postur tubuh, gerakan, reaksi terhadap rangsangan dan
abnormalitas yang nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan tempat yang hangat dan bersih
untuk pemeriksaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah
pemeriksaan, gunakan sarung tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersikap lembut pada waktu memeriksa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lihat, dengar dan rasakan tiap-tiap
daerah pemeriksaan head to toe secara sistematis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika ditemukan factor resiko atau
masalah, carilah bantuan lebioh lanjut yang memang diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 52.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat setiap hasil pengamatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
umum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernafasan
bayi baru lahir normal 30-60 kali permenit, tanpa retraksi dada dan tanpa suara
merintih pada fase ekspirasi. Pada bayi kecil, mungkin terdapat retraksi dada
ringan dan jika bayi berhenti nafas secara periodic selama beberapa detik masih
dalam batas normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Warna kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
baru lahir aterm kelihatan lebih pucat dibanding bayi preterm karena kulit
lebih tebal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Denyut jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Denyut
jantung bayi baru lahir normal antara 100-160 kalipermenit, tetapi dianggap
masih normal jika diatas 160 kali permenit dalam jangka waktu pendek, bebrapa
kali dalam satu hari selama beberapa hari pertama kehidupan, terutama bila bayi
mengalami disstres. Jika ragu, ulangi perhitungan denyut jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Suhu Aksiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">36,5
C sampai 37,5 C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Postur dan gerakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Postur
normal bayi baru lahir dalam keadaan istirahat adalah kepalan tangan longgar,
dengan lengan, panggul dan lutut semi fleksi. Pada bayi dengan letak sungsang
selama masa kehamilan, akan mengalami fleksi penuh pada sendi panggul dan lutut
atau sendi lutut ekstensi penuh, sehingga kaki bisa dalam berbagai posisi
sesuai bayi intrauterin. Jika kaki dapat diposisikan dalam posisi normal tanpa
kesulitan, maka tida dibutuhkan terapi. Gerakan ekstremitas bayi harus secara
spontan dan simetris disertai gerakan sendi penuh. Bayi normal dapat sedikit
gemetar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f. Tonus otot /tingkat kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rintang
normal tingkat kesadaranbayi baru lahir adalah mulai dari diam hingga sadar
penuh dan dapat di tenangkan jika rewel. Bayi dapat dibangunkan jika diam atau
sedang tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g. Ekstremitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa
posisi, gerakan, reaksi bayi bila ekstremitas disentuh,dan pembengkakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">h. Kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna
kulit dan adanya verniks kaseosa, pembengkakan atau bercak hitam, tanda
lahir/tanda mongol. Selama bayi dianggap normal, beberapa kelainan kulit juga
dapat dianggap normal. Kelainan ini disebut milia, biasaanya terlihat pada hari
pertama atau selanjuutny. Kulit tubuh, punggung dan abdomen yang terkelupas
pada hari pertama juga masih dianggap normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i. Tali pusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal
berwarna putih kebiruan pada hari pertama, mulai kering dan mengkerut /mengecil
dan akhirnya lepas setelah 7-10 hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">j. Berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal
2500-4000 gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
fisik (head to toe)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ubun-ubun
besar, ubun-ubun kecil,sutura,moulase,caput succedaneum, cephal haematoma,
hidrosefalus, rambut meliputi: jumlah,warna,dan adanya lanugo pada bahu dan
punggung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Muka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda
paralitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran,
bentuk, posisi, kesimetrisan letak dihubungkan dengan mata dan kepala serta
adanya gangguan pendengaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Mata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran,
bentuk, posisi,(strabismus, pelebaran epicanthus) dan kesimetrisan,kekeruhan kornea,katarak
congenital,trauma, keluar nanah, bengkak pada kelopak mata, pendarahan
subkonjuntifa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Telinga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah,
bentuk, posisi, kesimetrisan letak dihubungkan dengan mata dan kepala serta
adanya gangguan pendengaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
dan lebar hidung, pola pernapasan , kebersihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f. Mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
simetris/tidak, mukosa mulit kering/basah, lidah, palatum, bercak putih pada
gusi, refleks mengisap adakah labio/palatoskisis, trush sianosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g. Leher</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
simetris/tidak, adakah pembengkakan dan benjolan, kelainan tidorid,hemangioma,
tanda abnormalitas, kromosom dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">h. Klavikula dan lengan tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adakah
fraktur klavikula, gerakan, jumlah jari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i. Dada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
dan kelainan, bentuk dada, putting susu gangguan pernafasan, auskultasi bunyi
jantung dan pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">j. Abdomen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penonjolan
sekitar tali pusat pada saat menangis, pendarahan tali pusat, jumlah pemb ulu
darah pada tali pusat, dinding perut dan adanya benjolan, distensi,
gastroskisis, omfalokel, bentuk simetriks/tidak palpasi hati, ginjal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">k. Genetalia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelamin
laki-laki: panjang penis,testis sudah turun berada dalam skotum, orifisium
uretrae di ujung penis, kelainan (fimosis,hipospadia/epispadia). Kelamin
perempuan : labia mayora dan labia miyora, klitoris, orifisium fagina,
orifisium uretra, secret dan lain-lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l. Tungkai dan kaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan,
bentuk simetriks/tidak, jumlah jari, pergerakan, pes equinofarus/per
eguinofalgus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m. Anus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berlubang
atau tidak, posisi, fungsi springter ani, adanya dresia ani, meconium plug
sicdrom, mega colon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">n. Punggung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
tengkurap, raba kurvatura,kolumna vertebralis, skoliosis, pembengkakan,
spinabifi dakoma,mielomeningokel, lesung/bercak berambut dan lain-lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">o. Pemeriksaan kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ferniks
caseosa lanugo, warna, udem, bercak, tanda lahir, memar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">p. Reflek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkedip,
babinski, merangkak, menari/ melangkah, ekstrusi gallants, moros, enck
rhikting,palmar grasp, rethink, starcle, menghisap, toniknek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">q. Antropometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BB,
PB, LK, LD, LP, LLA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">r. Eliminasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
kepatenan fungsi ginjal dan saluran gastrointestinal bagian bawah . bayi baru
lahir normal biasanya kencing kebih dari 6 kali perhari. Bayi baru lahir normal
biasanya berak cair 6-8 kali perhari. Di curigai diare bila frekuensi
menibgkat, tinja hijau, atau mengandung lendir dan darah. Pendarahan fagin pda
bayi baru lahir dapat terjadi beberapa hari pada minggu pertama kehidupan ini
di anggap normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
Fisik Pada Neonatus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan Fisik Pada Neonatus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan bayi baru lahir
disesuaikan dengan keadaan bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan awal dilakukan sesegera
mungkin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan secara lengkap dilakukan
bl keadaan bayi sudah stabil (6-24 jam)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan pemeriksaan adl utk menemukan
kelainan dan menentukan tindakan lebih lanjut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan dilakukan dihadapan
orang tua/keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip yg harus diperhatikan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruangan hangat,terang,dan bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah
pemeriksaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gunakan APD: celemek &sarung
tanagan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yakinkan alat pemeriksaan bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan pemeriksaan secara
sistimatis head to toe :inspeksi,palpasi,perkusi auskultasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika ada kelainan lakukan
tindakan,kolaborasi atau rujuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan pendokumentasian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persiapan alat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Timbangan 8. Tissu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Metlin 9. Bengkok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Stetoskop bayi 10. Tali pusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Termometer 11. Cairan klorin 0,5%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Tongspatel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.Sarung tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.Anamnesa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Faktor genetik (riwayat peny keturunan,kelainan bawaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Riwayat kehamilan : paritas,kelainan ,obat2an,
psikologis,dll</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Riwayat persalinan: tgl lahir,proses persalinan,trauma,
ku, obat2an dll</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II Pemeriksaan fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Penilaian mencakup :tanda vital,pengukuran
pertumbuhan,penilaian sistem, penilaian umur kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Keadaan umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Nilai bayi secara keseluruhan:besar/kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Ukuran tubuh proporsional/tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Kondisi bayi aktif/lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Tangisan lemah, keras, melengking ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Kesadaran ? Letargis, waspada atau sedasi ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pucat/kuning /merah muda ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Tanda-tanda vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Hitung dg melihat gerakan abdomen/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Hitung selama satu menit penuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Utk BBl stabil, diukur setiap 3-4 jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Utk BBl tdk stabil hitung setiap jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Frekuensi normal : 40 – 60 kali/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Perhatikan apakah ada tarikan ddg dada, gerakan cuping
hidung, kedalaman nafas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Bagaimana bunyi nafas ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian awal pernafasan saat lahi menjadi evaluasi
keberhasilan transisi bayi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Pernafasannya nyaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Tak ada tachypnea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Tak ngorok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Tak ada lekukan dada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Tak ada cyanosis/pucat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian pernafasan termasuk parameter berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Warna kulit : merah muda, kebiruan, pucat,
gelap,berbintik,kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pernafasan: ringan,ngorok,cuping hidung kembang kempis,
retraksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Suara nafas : jauh,dangkal,stridor,wheezing,melemah,
seimbang/ tidak seimbang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Dinding dada : gerakannya simetrik atau tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Apnea/bradycardi: hitungan nafas terendah yg bisa diamati,
warna,diukur dg oximeter dan lama episode</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Sekresi: jumlah (sedikit,sedang, banyak)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Warna
(putih,kuning,bening,hijau,berdarah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Konsistensi :
encer, kental atau mukoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Denyut jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Diukur dg cara auskultasi / 2 jari di atas jantung bayi
selama satu menit penuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pd BBl stabil dihitung setiap 3-4 jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pd BBl tak stabil dihitung setiap jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Denyut jantung normal: 120-160/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Bl > 160 (takikardia): tanda infeksi, hypovolemia,
hyperetermia, anemia, konsumsi obat ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Bl < 100 (Bradikardi): BBl cukup bulan sedang
tidur, kekurangan O2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Penialian kardiovaskuler termasuk parameter
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Prekordium : tenang atau aktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Bunyi jantung: jelas, dg splitting dari S2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Ritme : Normal atau arrhytmia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Murmur : jelaskan jika ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pengisian kembali kapiler : Beberapa detik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Denyut perifer : normal, lemah atau tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Suhu tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Diukur melalui aksila, tahan 5 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Normal : 36,5 - 37C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•BBl dalam incubator diukur setiap jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Hipotermia :bbl sakit atau BBLR, jika berlanjut
pertimbangkan sepsis (tanda vital tak stabil, perubahan glukosa dlm
darah),dehidrasi, bacteremia, epidural ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Huipertermia: demam, infeksi, kurang minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Tekanan darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Diukur pd tangan kaki sesuai kondisi bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Menggunakan mesin dinamap jk ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Normal 60-89/40-50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Bisa meningkat saat menangis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Akan turun saat tidur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Pengukuran 3 komponen pertumbuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)Berat badan: ditimbang setiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•BB < 2500 gr : prematur atau SGA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•BB > 3800 gr : LGA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Perlu mengetahui usia kehamilan secara akurat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Perhatikan glikemia pd BB < / ></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•BBL akan kehilangan 10% pd mg pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Bl kehilangan berlebihan : kurang ASI,dehidrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Jk BB sangat berbeda dg kemarin : timbang 2 X</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•BB akan kembali pd usia 2 minggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Kenaikan BB diharapkan adl 30 gr/hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Panjang badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Diukur dr ubun2 s/d tumit, posisi telentang, sendi lutut
dan panggul harus ekstensi penuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Normal : 45 – 53 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Diukur saat masuk dan setiap minggu dan dibandingkan dengan
berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) Lingkar kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Diukur saat masuk dan setiap minggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Diukur: menghubungkan 4 titik : 2 frontal bosses dan 2
occipital protuberances</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Normal 33 – 38 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Letakan pita ukur pd bagian paling menonjol di tulang
oksiput dan dahi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pengukuran sedikitnya sekali sehari jk bbl gangguan
neurologis (perdarahan intraventricular,hydrocephalus,asfiksia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 Kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Apakah ada benjolan, caput, haetaom ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Fontanel; cekung, menonjol, datar ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Sutura : molase ? Derajat berapa ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pertumbuhan rambut ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Mata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Simetris/tidak, gerakan bersamaan / tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Adanya darah pd permukaan mata (normal) kecuali pd
pupil/iris à hilang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Tanda ikterus, infeksi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pupil simetris, reaksi (lambat,cepat, tidak ada ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Terbuka/ menutup ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Telinga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Sejajar dengan ujung mata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Bentuk simetris/tidak,normal/tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Apakah ada pengeluaran ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Hidung dan mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Apakah bernafas spontan/cuping hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Tanda kebiruan /cyanosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Tanda labio-palatoskizis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Refleks rooting dan sucking</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Leher</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pembesaran kelenjar tiroid, getah bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Tonick neck refleks ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Dada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Simetris/ tidak, gerakan nafas ? Kesulitan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Dengarkan suara nafas,kiri &kanan sama?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pembesaran kelenjar mammae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Dengarkan denyut jantung dg fetoskop</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Perut/abdomen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Terlihat normal, tali pusat ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Apakah ada hernia umbilicalis saat bayi nangis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Suara perut: ada/tidak,hiperaktif, hipoaktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Dinding perut: merah,meregang,ada batas perut membuncit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Palpasi: lembek, nyeri atau meregang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Bahu, lengan dan jari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Simetris/tidak, jari lengkap/tidak ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Apakah tangan dapat digerakan secara normal,patah tulang ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Refleks graps, refleks moro (hilang 4 bl)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•R moro menetap > 4 bl :kerusakan otak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Respon yg tdk simetris: fraktur calivula, cedera fleksus
brakhialis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. Genetalia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Laki-laki</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Scrotum tdd 2 kantung berisi testis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Lubang penis tepat di tengah ? Panjang < 2,5 cm ?, miksi
?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Perempuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Labia mayora & minora ada ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Keluarnya cairan : putih,krem,pseudomenorh, akan hilang dlm
10 hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Miksi sdh/belum dalam 24 jam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12 Panggul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Pegang paha dan betis bayi , gerakan lurus ke arah samping
luar, dengarkan & rasakan bunyi “klik”à kolaborasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Gerakan paha ke atas dan kebawah, dengarkan bunyi klik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13. Punggung dan anus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Adakah benjolan/masa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Ada/tdk lubang anus, mekoneum ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. Ektremitas bawah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Simetris/tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Jari lengkap/tidak ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Refleks babinski ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Gerakan aktif/lemah, simetris/tidak ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Kelainan bentuk ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Pola nafas tdk efektif berhubungan dg Obstruksi jalan
nafas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Gangguan pertukaran gas berhub dg hipotermi (cold stress)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Resiko tinggi termoregulasi tdk efektif berhub dg
Kehilangan panas ke lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Resiko tinggi infeksi berhub dg faktor lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Hasil akhir yg diharapkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Utk bayi akan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a. transisi dr kehidupan intrauterin ke
ekstrauterin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> b. Mempertahankan pola nafas efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> c. Mempertahankan termoregulasi efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> d. Tetap bebas dari infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Utk orang tua:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Memiliki pengetahuan, keterampilan dan keyakinan ttg
aktivitas perawatan bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Memahami karakteristik perilaku dan biologis bbl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Mendemostrasikan interaksi/perilaku yg meningkatkan
fungsi keluarga sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Memiliki kesempatan utk meningkatkan hubungan dg bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Mulai mengintegrasikan bayi ke dalam keluarga</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
Asuhan Bayi 2 – 6 Hari</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
hari ke 2 – 6 setelah persalinan ada hal – hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada
bayi , yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Minum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
ASI sesering mungkin sesuai keinginan ibu ( Jika payudara penuh ) atau
kebutuhan bayi setiap 2 – 3 jam ( paling sedikit setiap 4 Jam ), bergantian
antara payudara kiri dan kanan.</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. BAB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Feses bayi di dua hari pertama setelah persalinan
biasanya berbentuk seperti ter atau aspal lembek. Zat buangan ini berasal dari
pencernaan bayi yang dibawa dari kandungan. Setelah itu feses bayi bisa
bergumpal gumpal seperti jelly, padat, berbiji/seeded dan bisa juga berupa
cairan, feses bayi yang diberi ASI ekslusif biasanya tidak berbentuk, bisa
seperti pasta/krem, berbiji dan bisa juga seperti mencret atau mencair.
Sedangkan feses bayi yang diberi susu formula berbentuk padat, bergumpal-gumpal
atau agak liat dan bulat. Makanya bayi yang mengkonsumsi susu formula kadang
suka bebelan (susah b a b) sedangkan yang mendapat ASI tidak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
bayi yang sudah minum susu formula mengeluarkan feses berbentuk cair, hal itu
perlu dicurigai. Bisa jadi bayi alergi terhadap susu formula yang dikonsumsinya
atau susu tercampur bakteri yang mengganggu usus. Kesulitan mendeteksi
normal tidaknya feses akan terjadi bila
ibu memberikan ASI yang diselang seling susu formula. Misalnya akan sulit
menentukan apakah feses yang cair/mencret itu berasal dari susu atau susu
formula. Kalau mencretnya karena minum ASI, ini normal-normal saja karena
sistem pencernaanya memang belum sempurna. Tettap susui bayi agar ia tidak
mengalami dehidrasi. Tapi bila mencretnya disertai keluhan demam, muntah atau
keluhan lain dan jumlahnya sangat banyak atau mancur, berarti memang ada
masalah pada bayi àrujuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah
frekuensi sering mencemaskan ibu karena frekuensi b a b bayi tidak sama dengan
orang dewasa, padahal frekuensi b a b pada setiap bayi berbeda, bahkan bayi
yang sama pun frekuensi b a b nya akan berbeda dari minggu ini dan minggu
depannya, itu karena bayi belum menemukan pola yang pas. Umumnya di 4 atau 5
minggu pertama dalam sehari bisa lebih dari 5 kali atau 6 kali, tidak masalah
selama pertumbuhannya bagus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
yang minum ASI ekslusif sebaliknya bisa
saja tidak b a b selama 2 sampai 4 hari bahkan bisa 7 hari sekali, bukan
berarti mengalami gangguan sembelit tapi bisa saja karena memang tidak ada
ampas makanan yang harus dikeluarkan. Semuanya dapat diserap dengan baik, feses
yang keluar setelah itu juga harus tetap normal seperti pasta. Tidak cair yang
disertai banyak lendir atau berbau busuk dan disertai demam dan penurunan bert
badan bayi. Jadi yang penting lihat pertumbuhannya apakah anak tidak rewel dan
minumnya bagus, kalau 3 hari belul b a b, dan bayinya anteng – anteng saja
mungkin memang belum waktunya b a b.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
yang pencernaannya normala akan b a b pada 24 jam pertama setelah lahir. B a b
pertama ini disebut mekonium. Biasanya berwarna hitam kehijauan dan lengket
seperti aspal yang merupakan produk dari sel – sel yang diproduksi dalam
saluran cerna selama bayi berada dalam kanadungan. B a b pertama dalam 24 jam
penting artinya, karena menjadi indikasi apakah pencernaannya normal atau
tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frekuensi
bab yang sering bukan berarti pencernaannya terganggu. Waspadai nila warnanya
putih atau disertai darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Dr Waldi Nurhamzah, SPA umumnya warna-warna feses bayi dapat dibedakan menjadi
kuning, coklat, hijau, merah dan putih atau keabuan. Normal atau tidaknya
sistem pencernaan bayi dapat dideteksi dari warna-warna feses tsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna
feses kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna
kuning adalah warna feses yang normal. Warna feses bayi sangan dipengaruhi oleh
susu yang dikonsumsinya. Bila bayi minum ASI secara ekslusif, fesesnya berwarna
lebih cerah dan cenderung cemerlang atau
didominasi warna kuning (golden feses). Berarti bayi mendapatkan ASI penuh.,
dari foremilk (ASI depan) sampai hindmilk (ASI belakang). Warna kuning timbul
dari Proses pencernaan lemak yang dibantu oleh cairan empedu. Cairan empedu
dibuat di dalam hati dan disimpan beberapa waktu dalam kandung e mpedu sampai
saatnya dikeluarkan. Bila dalam usus terdapat lemak yang berasal dari makanan,
kandung empedu akan berkontraksi(mengecilkan ukurannya) untuk memeras cairan
keluar. Cairan empedu ini akan memecah lemak menjadi zat yang dapat diserap
usus. Sedangkan bila yang diminum susu formula, atau ASI dicampur susu formula,
warna feses akan berwarna lebih gelap, seperti kuning tua, agak coklat,
coklat tua, kuning kecoklatan atau
coklat kehijauan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna feses hijau</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk
kategori normal, meskipun begitu warna ini tidak boleh terus menerus muncul.
Ini berarti cara ibu memberikan ASI nya belum benar. Yang terisap oleh bayi
hanya foremilk saja, sedangkan hindmilk nya tidak. Kasus ini umumnya terjadi
kalau produksi ASI sangat melimpah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Didalam
payudara, ibu memiliki ASI depan (foremilk) dan ASI belakang (hindmilk). Pada
saat bayi menyusu, ia akan selalu menghisap ASI depan lebih dulu. Bagian ini
mempunyai lebih banyak kandungan gula dan laktosa tapi rendah lemak. Sifatnya
yang mudah dan cepat diserap membuat bayi sering lapar kembali. Sedangkan ASI
belakang (hindmilk) akan terhisap kalau foremilk yang keluar lebih dulu sudah
habis. Hindmilk mengandung banyak lemak. Lemak ini yang membuat feses menjadi
kuning. Kalau bayi hanya mendapat foremilk yang hanya mengandung sedikit lemak
dan banyak gula, kadang-kadang terjadi perubahan pada proses pencernaan yang
akhirnya membuat feses bayi berwarna hijau. Bahkan sering juga dari situ
terbentuk gas yang terlalu banyak (kentut melulu) sehingga bayi merasa tidak
nyaman (kolik).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mestinya
yang bagus itu tidak hijau terus, tetapi hijau kuning, bergantian, ini berarti
bayi mendapat ASI yang komplit, dari foremilk sampai hindmilk supaya kandungan
gizinya komplit. Ibu harus mengusahakan agar bayinya mendapat foremilk dan
hindmilk sekaligus. Sayangnya disamping ASI, ibu juga kerap memberikan tambahan
susu formula. Sebelum proses menyusunya mencapai hindmilk anak sudah terlanjur
diberi susu formula hingga kenyang.Akhirnya bayi hanya mendapat foremillk saja.
Sebaiknya berikan ASI secara ekslusif. Perbaiki penatalaksanaan pemberian agar
bayi bisa mendapat foremilk dan hindmilk. Kiatnya : susui bayi dengan salah
satu payudara sampai ASI habis baru pindah ke payudara berikutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna feses merah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Feses
merah pada bayi disebabkan adanya tetesan darah yang menyertai. Namun
bidan harus melihat apakah merah itu
disebabkan dari tubuhnya sendiri atau
dari ibunya. Jika bayi sempat menghisap darah ibunya pada proses persalinan,
maka pada fesesnya akan ditemukan bercak hitam yang merupakan darah. Umumnya
bercak itu muncul selama satu sampai tiga hari. Jadi tinggal di test saja,
asalnya dari mana dari darah ibu atau dari darah bayi. Bila darah itu tetap
muncul pada fesesnya (bisa cair ataupun bergumpal), dan ternyata bukan berasal
dari darah ibu, maka perlu diperiksa lebih lanjut. Kemungkinnanya hanya dua,
yaitu Alergi susu formula bila bayi sudah mendapatkannya, dan penyumbatan pada
usus yang disebut invaginasi, fua-duanya butuh penanganan. Darah ini sangat
jarang berasal dari dysentri amuba dan
basiler, karena makanan bayi belum banyak ragamnya dan belum makan makanan yang
kotor. Kalau penyakitnya serius, biasanya bayi juga punya keluhan lain seperti
perutnya membuncit atau menegang, muntah, demam, rewel dan kesakitan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna feses kuning pucat atau
keabu-abuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waspada
!!!....baik yang encer maupun padat. Warna putih menunjukkan gangguan yang
paling riskan. Bisa disebabkan gangguan pada hati atau penyumbatan saluran
empedu. Ini berarti cairan empedunya
tidak bisa mewarnai feses dan ini tidak boleh terjadi, saat itu juga haruas
dibawa ke dokter. Yang sering terjadi ibu terlambat membawa bayinya, difikirnya
feses ini nantinya akan berubah, padahal kalau dibiarkan bayi sudah tidak bisa diapa apakan lagi karena umumnya sudah
mengalami kerusakan hati. Tindakannya hanya tinggal transplantasi hati yang
masih merupakan tindakan pengbobatan yang sangat mahal di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. BAK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
baru lahir cenderung sering BAK yaitu 7 – 10 x sehari. Untuk menjaga bayi tetap
bersih, hangat dan kering maka setelah BAK harus diganti popoknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Tidur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam 2 minggu pertama setelah lahir,
bayi normalnya sering tidur. Sediakan selimut dan ruangan yang hangat dan
pastikan bayi tidak terlalu panas atau dingin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola tidur bayi masih belum teratur
karena jam biologis yang belum matang. Tetapi perlahan – lahan akan bergeser
sehingga lebih banyak waktu tidur di malam hari dibandingkan dengan siang hari.
Keluhan gangguan tidur biasanya datang dari orang tuanya yang sulit menerima
jam tidur bayi. Dikatakan bahwa orang tua
kekurangan tidur 2 jam setiap harinya hingga bayi berusia 5 bulan sampai
2 tahun, orang tua kehilangan 1 jam waktu tidur setiap malamnya. Sehingga orang
tua pun perlu menyiasati waktu tidurnya sesuai dengan pola tidur bayi. Mulai
usia 2 bulan bayi mulai lebih banyak tidur malam dibanding siang. Usia 3-6
bulan jumlah tidudrpun semakin berkurang, kira2 3 kali dan terus berlkurang
hingga 2 kali pada usia 6 – 12 bulan. Menjelang 1 tahun biasanya bayi hanya
perlu tidur siang satu kali saja dengan total jumlah waktu tidur berkisar
antara 12 – 14 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latih
anak agar mengerti bahwa malam hari adalah waktu untuk tidur dan siang hari
adalah waktu untuk bangun. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan mengajaknya
bermaiin hanya disiang hari saja, tidak di malam hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latih
bayi agar mengetahui bahwa tempat tidur adalah tempatnya untuk tidur. Letakkan
bayi di tempat tidur saat ia sudah mengantuk, hindari membiarkannya tidur dalam
gendongan atau di ruangan lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampu
utama sebaiknya dimatikan, dan nyalakan lampu tidur yang redup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika
bayi terbangun, ajari untuk tidur kembali. Jangan nyalakan lampu, tenangkan
dengan kata kata lembut. Selanjutnya tinggalkan ia sendiri untuk kembali tidur,
jika menangis lagi, biarkan dulu 5 menit baru tenangkan lagi. Berikutnya jika
kembali menangis tunggu 10 menit dan seterusnya hingga 15 menit, malam berikutnya
tambah waktu tunggu 5 menit yaitu 10 menit, 15 dan 20 menit. Biasanya bayi
memerlukan waktu hingga 2-3 malam. Jika gagal henetikan dulu prosedur ini dan
coba lagi setelah 1 bulancara ini diperkenalkan oleh Richard Ferber, Boston’s
Children Hospital).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pastikan
bayi tidur dengan aman :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letakkan bayi pada permukaan rata yang
tidak terlalu empuk. Pasang seprei atau alas dengan cermat agar tidak mudah
lepas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan merokok disekitar bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan biarkan bayi terlalu hangat,
jangan berlebihan dalam membuntal bayi ketika tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika khawatir kepala bayi akan peyang
jika terlalu sering tidur terlentang,
tengkurapkan bayi saat bangun dan ada yang mengawasi. Atau ubah sesekali posisi
kepala saat bayi tidur terlentang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Kebersihan kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muka,
pantat dan tali pusat bayi perlu dibersihkan secara teratur. Mandi seluruh
tubuh setiap hari tidak harus selalu dilakukan. Selalu mencuci tangan sebelum
dan sesudah memegang bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Keamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
sekali – kali meninggalkan bayi tanpa ada yang menunggu. Hindari pemberian
apapun ke mulut bayi selain ASI, karena bayi bisa tersedak. Jangan menggunakan
alat penghangat buatan di tempat tidur bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Tanda – tanda bahaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian
besar bayi akan menangis atau bernafas secara spontan dalam waktu 30 detik
setelah lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila bayi tersebut menangis/ bernafas
(terlihat dari pergerakan dada paling sedikit 30 kali per menit), biarkan bayi
tersebut dengan ibunya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila bayi tersebut tidak bernafas dalam
waktu 30 detik, segeralah cari bantuan, dan mulailah langkah-langkah resusitasi
bayi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan
; persiapkan kebutuhan resusitasi untuk setiap bayi dan siapkan rencana untuk
meminta bantuan, khususnya bila ibu tersebut memiliki riwayat eklamsia,
perdarahan persalinan lama atau macet, persalinan dini atau infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika bayi tidak segera bernafas, lakukan
hal-hal sebagai berikut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keringkan bayi dengan dengan selimut
atau handuk yang hangat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gosoklah punggung bayi tersebut dengan
lembut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika bayi masih belum mulai bernafas
setelah 60 detik mulai resusitasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila bayi sianosis (kulit biru) atau
sukar bernafas (frekuensi pernafasan kurang dari 30 atau lebih dari 60 kali per
menit), berilah oksigen kepada bayi dengan kateter nasal atau nasal prongs.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-Tanda
Bahaya Dibagi menjadi Dua:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Tanda-tanda bahaya yang harus
dikenali oleh ibu yaitu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian ASI sulit, sulit menghisap,
atau hisapan lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesulitan bernafas, yaitu pernafasan
cepat > 60/ menit atau menggunakan otot nafas tambahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letargi – bayi terus – menerus tidur
tanpa bangun untuk makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna abnormal-kulit/ bibir biru
(sianosis) atau bayi sanagt kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu terlalu panas (febris) atau terlalu
dingin (hipotermia).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda atau prilaku abnormal atau ttidak
biasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan gastrointestinal, misalnya
tidak brtinja selama 3 hari pertama setelah lahir, muntah terus menerus, muntah
dan perut bengkah, tinja hijau tua atau brdarah/ lender.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata benggkak atau mengeluarkan cairan.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Tanda-tanda bahaya yang harus diwaspadai pada bayi baru lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernafasan-
sulit atau lebih dari 60 kali permenit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehangatan
terlalu panas ( > 38° c atau terlalu
dingin < 36ºc)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna
kuning (terutama pada 24 jam pertama), biru atau pucat, memar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian
makan, hisapan lemah , mengantuk berlebihan, banyak muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tali
pusat merah, bengkak,keluar cairan (nanah), bau busuk, pernafasan sulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinja
/ kamih-tidak berkemih dalam 24 jam, tinja lembek, sering, hijau tua, ada
lender atau darah pada tinja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas-
menggigil atau tangis tidak biasa, sangat mudah tersinggung, lemas, terlalu
mengantuk, lunglai, kejang, kejang halus, tidak bias tenang, menangis terus
menerus.</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beri ASI sesuai dengan kebutuhan setiap
2-3 jam (paling sedikit setiap 4 jam) mulai dari hari pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertahankan agar bayi selalu dengan ibu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jaga bayi dalam keadaan bersih, hangat
dan kering dengan mengambil popok dan selimut sesuai denagn keperluan. Pastikan
bayi tidak terlalu panas dan terlalu dingin ( dapat menyebabkan dehidrasi,
ingat bahwa kemampuan pengaturan suhu bayi masih dalam perkembangan). Apa saja
yang dimasukkan kedalam mulut bayi harus bersih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jaga tali pusat dalam keadaan bersih dan
kering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peganglah, sayangi dan nikmati kehidupan
bersama bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Awasi masalah dan kesulitan pada bayi
dan minta bantuan jika perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jaga keamanan bayi terhadap traumadan
penyakit atau infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukur suhu tubuh bayi jika tampak sakit
atau menyusu kurang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyuluhan sebelum bayi pulang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perawatan tali pusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemberian ASI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jaga Kehangatan Bayi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanda – tanda bahaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Imunisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perawatan harian atau rutin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pencegahan infeksi dan kecelakaanv</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
baru lahir (neonatus) adalah suatu keadaan dimana bayi baru lahir dengan umur
kehamilan 38-40 minggu,lahir melalui jalan lahir dengan presentasi kepala
secara spontan tanpa gangguan, menangis kuat, nafas secara spontan dan
teratur,berat badan antara 2500-4000 gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
bayi lahir normal umumnya tidak dilakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium, namun
kadang-kadang dengan riwayat kehamilan dan kondisi tertentu perlu dilakukan
pemeriksaan laboratorium sesuai indikasi tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
profilaksis yang rutin diberikan pada bayi baru lahir yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Vitamin K</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Tetes / zalf mata</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B. Saran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
dalam penulisan makalah ini terdapat kekuarangn dan kesalahan, kami mohon maaf.
Untuk itu kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun agar kami
dapat membuat makalah yang lebih baik di kemudian hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mansjoer,dkk.2000. Kapita selekta
Kedokteran edisi III jilud 2.Jakarta. MediaAesculapius</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdul atif,1993.Penatalaksanaan Anastesi
pada Bedah Akut Bayi Baru Lahir.Jakarta</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warih BP,Abubakar M.1992.Fisiologi pada
neonates.Surabaya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://sis-doank27.blogspot.com/2010/06/askep-bayi-baru-lahir-normal.html</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DepKes
RI,1992 Asuhan Kesehatan Anak dalam Konteks Keluarga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muslihatun,Wafi
Nur.2010.Asuhan Bayi dan Balita.Yogyakarta:Fitramaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.pgbeautygroomingscience.com/role-of-lipid-metabolism-in-seborrheic-dermatitis-dandruff.html</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Djuanda,adji,Prof,Dr,spkk,dkk.2010.
MIMS Indonesia petunjuk konsultasi.Jakarta.CMP MEDIKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://blogger.com/insanimiftachuljanah</span></div>
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<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> Puji
syukur kehadirat Allah SWT dengan rahmat dan karunianya penulis telah dapat
menyelesaikan makalah ini yang berjudul </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“<b>NEONATUS<i>”</i></b>
</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Selawat beriring salam penulis
kirimkan kepada junjungan Alam Nabi Muhammad SAW beserta keluarga dan sahabat
beliau sekalian.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dalam penyelesaian penulisa makalah ini, penulis mendapat bimbingan, arahan dan
bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih
yang sebesar-sebesarnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Segala usaha telah dilakukan untuk menyempurnakan
makalah ini. Namun penulis menyadari
bahwa dalam makalah ini mungkin masih
ditemukan kekurangan dan kekhilafan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan
kritik dan saran yang dapat dijadikan masukan guna perbaikan di masa yang akan
datang.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meureudu, 20 Januari 2016</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penulis</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kelompok </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://intanchiechielita.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/makalah-bayi-baru-lahir-neonatus.html </span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-20084691789644451532017-10-04T15:35:00.004-07:002017-10-04T15:35:49.229-07:00MAKALAH TENTANG KESEHATAN <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEBDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesehatan merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang dapat
mempengaruhi kebugaran dan penampilan tubuh, serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harta yang paling berharga yang tidak pernah
bisa ditukar dengan apapun. Oleh karena itu setiap orang tentu mendambakan
hidup sehat bahagia dan ingin selalu tampak sehat, bugar, penampilan yang bagus
dan awet muda, tidak lekas keriput karena menua. Hal tersebut dapat dirasakan
apabila kita pernah sakit. Olahraga dan kesehatan merupakan kebutuhan bagi
setiap orang, karena semua orang pasti ingin sehat, tidak seorangpun yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ingin sakit atau terganggu kesehatannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olahraga tentunya merupakan suatu upaya manusia untuk
mencapai kesehatan, ini merupakan tujuan umum yang setiap ada disetiap benak
manusia. Namun di samping tujuan secara umum di atas, tujuan khusus setiap
orang dalam berolahraga pasti berbeda-beda. Namun tujuan ini sering di salah
gunakan oleh kebanyakan orang. Sebagian orang sering menggunakan olahraga
sebagai ajang uji keberanian sampai ada yang menggunakan olahraga sebagai media
perjudian.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan Masalah</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari latar belakang di atas maka rumusan ma</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lah yang dapat penulis simpulkan adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa pengertian dan manafaat
olahraga bagi kesehatan?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo29; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa pengertian dan manfaat dari
kesehatan?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makalah
ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas mata pelajaran Penjaskes di SMK
Al-Ihya Banjarsari, selain itu penulis memiliki beberapa tujuan diantaranya
ingin mengetahui cara-cara merawat kesehatan anggota tubuh.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMSAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian dan Manfaat Olahraga<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Olahraga</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
Hakekatnya makna olahraga menurut ensiklopedia Indonesia adalah gerak badan
yang dilakukan oleh satu orang atau lebih yang merupakan regu atau rombongan.
Sedangkan dalam Webster’s New Collegiate Dictonary (1980), olahraga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu ikut serta dalam aktivitas fisik untuk
mendapatkan kesenangan, dan aktivitas khusus seperti berburu atau dalam
olahraga pertandingan (athletic games di Amerika Serikat)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Cholik Mutohir olahraga adalah proses sistematik yang berupa segala kegiatan
atau usaha yang dapat mendorong mengembangkan, dan membina potensi-potensi
jasmaniah dan rohaniah seseorang sebagai perorangan atau anggota masyarakat
dalam bentuk permainan, perlombaan/pertandingan, dan prestasi puncak dalam
pembentukan manusia Indonesia seutuhnya yang berkualitas berdasarkan Pancasila.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
penjelasan pengertian olahraga menurut Edward (1973), olahraga harus bergerak
dari konsep bermain, games, dan sport. Ruang lingkup bermain mempunyai
karakteristik antara lain;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Terpisah dari rutinitas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Bebas,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Tidak produktif</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Menggunakan peraturan yang tidak
baku</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo32; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat Olahraga</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat berolahraga dapat dilihat
dari dua aspek. Salah satunya manfaat olah raga terhadap otak yang diungkapkan
oleh Daniel Landers, profesor pendidikan olahraga dari Arizona State University
, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo33; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan kemampuan otak. Latihan
fisik yang rutin dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi, kreativitas, dan kesehatan
mental. Karena olahraga bisa meningkatkan jumlah oksigen dalam darah dan
mempercepat aliran darah menuju otak. Para ahli percaya bahwa hal-hal ini dapat
mendorong reaksi fisik dan mental yang lebih baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo33; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu menunda proses penuaan.
Riset membuktikan bahwa latihan sederhana seperti jalan kaki secara teratur
dapat membantu mengurangi penurunan mental pada wanita di atas 65 tahun.
Semakin sering dan lama mereka melakukannya makan penurunan mental kian lambat.
Kabarnya, banyak orang merasakan manfaat aktivitas itu setelah sembilan minggu
melakukannya secara teratur tiga kali seminggu. Latihan ini tidak harus
dilakukan dalam intensitas tinggi. Cukup berupa jalan kaki di sekitar rumah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo33; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengurangi stres. Olahraga dapat
mengurangi kegelisahan. Bahkan lebih jauh lagi, bisa membantu Anda mengendalikan
amarah. Latihan aerobik dapat meningkatkan kemampuan jantung dan membuat Anda
lebih cepat mengatasi stres. Aktivitas seperti jalan kaki, berenang, bersepeda,
dan lari merupakan cara terbaik mengurangi stres</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo33; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menaikkan daya tahan tubuh. Jika Anda
senang melakukan olahraga meski tak terlalu lama namun sering atau lama namun
dengan santai melakukannya, maka aktivitas itu bisa meningkatkan hormon-hormon
baik dalam otak seperti adrenalin, serotonin, dopamin, dan endorfin. Hormon ini
berperan dalam meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Studi yang dilakukan di Inggris
memperlihatkan bahwa 83 persen orang yang memiliki ganguan mental mengandalkan
olahraga untuk meningkatkan mood dan mengurangi kegelisahan. Memperbaiki
kepercayaan diri, umumnya semakin mahir seseorang dalam suatu jenis aktivitas,
maka kepercayaan diri pun akan meningkat. Bahkan suatu riset membuktikan bahwa
remaja yang aktif berolahraga merasa lebih percaya diri dibandingkan dengan
teman-temannya yang tidak melakukan kegiatan serupa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
dan Manfaat Kesehatan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Kesehatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
definisi yang dirumuskan oleh WHO, kesehatan adalah sebagai : ”a state of
complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity“. (WHO, 1948), adalah keadaan sejahtera fisik, mental,
social tanpa ada keluhan sama sekali (cacat atau sakit). Dalam UU RI Nomor 23
tahun 1992 kesehatan juga dinyatakan mengandung dimensi mental dan social :
“Kesehatan adalah keadaan sejahtera dari badan, jiwa dan sosial yang memungkinkan
setiap orang hidup produktif secara social dan ekonomi “.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
lain, kesehatan adalah keadaan seimbang yang dinamis, dipengaruhi faktor
genetik, lingkungan dan pola hidup sehari-hari seperti makan, minum, seks,
kerja, istirahat, hingga pengelolaan kehidupan emosional. Status kesehatan
tersebut menjadi rusak bila keadaan keseimbangan terganggu, tetapi kebanyakan
kerusakan pada periode-periode awal bukanlah kerusakan yang serius jika orang
mau menyadarinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat Kesehatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dan manfaat olahraga terhadap kesehatan
tubuh itu sendiri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga sudah dijelaskan
dalam UU No. 23 tahun 1992 tentang Kesehatan ( olah raga kesehatan bertujuan
untuk memelihara dan meningkatkan kesehatan), antara lain:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peningkatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun orang itu bebas penyakit
belum tentu orang itu sehat, dengan mengukur beban latihan yang di berikan pada
seseorang, maka kebugaran dapat di klasifikasi menjadi sangat kurang. Latihan
fisik yang teratur dan terukur di sertai gizi yang cukup akan meningkatkan
kebugaran seseorang. Kebugaran ini ditandai olah daya tahan jantung, otot,
kelenturan tubuh, komposisi tubuh, kecepatan gerak, kelincahan, denyut nadi.
Latihan selalu di monitor agar tidak melebihi denyut yang di perbolehkan
antara72-87%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari denyut yang maksimal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencegahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olahraga dapat mencegah dampak
negatif dari hopokenisia [kurang gerak], memperlambat proses penuaan,
memperlancar proses kelahiran pada wanita kehamilan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengobatan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu proses penyembuhan pada
penyakit jantung, kencing manis, rematik, asma, kropos tulang, dll. Peredaran
darah orang yang berolahraga lebih lancar, sehingga racun yang menumpuk di
tubuh cepat di keluarkan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemulihan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyandang cacat, kerusakan otak,
tuna rungu, epilepsi dan lain-lain membutuhkan olahraga yang sesuai dengan
keadaan yang di penderita. Apabila penyandang cacat ini tidak melakukan
olahraga maka cacatnya akan bertambah karena terjadi kekurangan gerak, otak
menjadi lemah sehingga mudah timbul penyakit-penyakit, jantung, ginjal, saluran
darah dll. Selain itu olahraga bagi penyandang cacat juga sangat di perlukan
untuk menghilangkan anggapan masyarakat bahwa mereka tidak mampu berbuat
apa-apa.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1.</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesehatan adalah keadaan sejahtera
fisik, mental, social tanpa ada keluhan sama sekali (cacat atau sakit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olahraga adalah proses sistematik
yang berupa segala kegiatan atau usaha yang dapat mendorong mengembangkan, dan
membina potensi-potensi jasmaniah dan rohaniah seseorang sebagai perorangan
atau anggota masyarakat dalam bentuk permainan, perlombaan/pertandingan, dan
prestasi puncak dalam pembentukan manusia Indonesia seutuhnya yang berkualitas
berdasarkan Pancasila.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat olahraga yaitu, meningkatkan
kemampuan otak, membantu menunda proses penuaan, mengurangi stress, dan
menaikkan daya tahan tubuh</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2.</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita sebagai manusia, makhluk
ciptaan Allah SWT hendaknya selalu mensyukuri nikmat yang telah diberi,
terutama nikmat kesehatan. Yaitu dengan menjaga dan merawatnya, seperti
melakukan olah raga rutin</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita perlu menjaga kesehatan kita.
Dimana kondisi fisik sangat berperan terhadap ibadah-ibadah kita. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaik-baik manusia adalah yang
paling bermanfaat untuk orang lain. Untuk dapat bermanfaat untuk orang lain,
diperlukan kesehatan, baik sehat fisik, akhlak serta otak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaiknya kita mentaati perintah
Allah dan menjauhi segala larangan-Nya. Insya Allah kesehatan tubuh akan
terjaga karena di dalam islam itu sendiri mengajarkan akan keseimbangan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaiknya kita memilih olahraga yang
bermanfaat, dan untuk yang banyak mudhorotnya lebih baik dijauhi. Melaksanakan
sunnah nabi, yaitu olahraga renang, berkuda serta memanah.<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.materikesehatan.com/2015/04/makalah-makalah-kesehatan-badan.html</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesehatan</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://blog.inigarut.com/2014/09/contoh-makalah-penjas-tentang-kesehatan.html</span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT,
karena berkat rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah tentang
“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Kesehatan”</i></b><i> </i>dengan
lancar. Shalawat serta salam semoga terlimpah curahkan kepada Nabi kita
Muhammad SAW.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam penyusunan makalah ini penulis mendapatkan bantuan dan
bimbingan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh sebab itu penulis ucapkan terima kasih </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kepada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seluruh pihak yang telah membantu
dalam penyusunan makalah ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan segala kerendahan hati dan penuh harapan semoga
makalah ini bermanfaat. Penulis menyadari di dalam makalah ini masih banyak
kekurangan sehingga saya sebagai penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang
sifatnya membangun untuk kesempurnaan makalah ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banjarsari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desember 2015</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">KATA PENGANTAR <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR ISI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ii</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Latar Belakang <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rumusan Masalah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo43; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tujuan Penulisan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB II PEMBAHASAN <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.............................................................................. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengertian dan Manfaat Olahraga <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengertian dan Manfaat Kesehatan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">BAB III PENUTUP <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesimpulan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Saran <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA <span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................... </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-91551708891004399162017-09-11T06:19:00.000-07:002017-09-10T01:52:54.140-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN SISTEM RESPIRASI : FARINGITIS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bernafas, merupakan suatu proses dimana oksigen dihirup dan
karbondioksida dilepeaskan keluar. Proses pernafasan yang normal, itu jika
tidak ada halangan dalam bernafas. Beberapa penyakit yang berhubungan dengan sistem
pernafasan dapat mengganggu dalam proses bernafas. Sebagai contoh kasus
faringitis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="a"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
yang lebih sering dikenal dengan radang tenggorokan memangterdengar sangat
sepele karena gejalanya mirip dengan penyakit flu biasa, sepertidemam, sakit
kepala, dan gangguan susah menelan. Padahal aktivitas kita sudah pastiakan
terganggu karena faringitis ini. Selain itu, selera makan pun bisa hilang
karena rasa sakit pada saat menelan dan penyakit ini sangat mudah kembali
menyerang kita. Lebih lanjut lagi jika faringitis ini dibiarkan, maka dapat
menyebabkan komplikasiperikontiniutatum dan sistem blood borne yang dapat
menyebabkan kematian.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis terjadi pada semua umur dan tidak dipengaruhi jenis kelamin,
tetapi frekuensi yang paling tinggi terjadi pada anak-anak. Faringitis akut
jarang ditemukan pada usia di bawah 1 tahun. Insidensinya meningkat dan
mencapai puncaknya pada usia 4-7 tahun, tetapi tetap berlanjut sepanjang akhir
masa anak-anak dan kehidupan dewasa. Kematian yang diakibatkan faringitis
jarang terjadi, tetapi dapat terjadi sebagai hasil dari komplikasi penyakit
ini. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas tentang faringitis diatas, kelompok
tertarik untuk membahas tentang faringitis tersebut secara lebih mendalam dalam
sebuah makalah sehingga mahasiswa dan mahasiswi agar mengetahui bagaimana jika
terjadi faringitis pada dirinya maupun jika mendapatkan klien dengan gangguan faringitis
dapat melakukan asuhan keperawatan terhadap klien dengan baik dan benar.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
dari penulisan ini adalah :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Umum</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
memberikan gambaran tentang asuhan keperawatan pada klien dengan faringitis.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Khusus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
tentang anatomi dan fisiologi sistem pernafasan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui konsep dasar faringitis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui secara rinci tentang asuhan keperawatan klien dengan
faringitis mulai dari pengkajian sampai dengan evaluasi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ruang
Lingkup Penulisan</span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
makalah ini, kelompok membatasi ruang lingkup penulisan yaitu konsep dasar
tentang faringitis dan asuhan keperawatan klien dengan gangguan faringitis.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode
Penulisan</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
penyusunan makalah ini, kelompok menggunakan metode deskriftif yaitu dengan
menggambarkan konsep dasar tentang faringitis dan asuhan keperawatan klien
dengan gangguan faringitis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistematika
Penulisan</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penulisan
makalah ini terdiri dari 4 bab yang meliputi :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB I<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Pendahuluan : latarbelakang, tujuan penulisan, ruang lingkup, metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penulisan, sistematika penulisan,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Tinjauan teoritis : anatomi fisiologi sistem pernafasan , konsep dasar penyakit
faringitis</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Asuhan Keperawatan Klien dengan gangguan sistem respirasi : faringitis</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB IV<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Penutup : kesimpulan dan saran.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
TEORITIS</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fisiologi
Sistem Pernafasan</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi
Fisiologi Sistem Pernafasan secara umum</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernafasan ( respirasi
) adalah peristiwa menghirup udara dari luar yang mengandung oksigen serta
menghembuskan udara yang banyak mengandung karbondioksida sebagai sisa dari
oksidasi keluar tubuh. Pengisapan ini disebut inspirasi dan menghembuskan
disebut ekspirasi. Oksigen dan karbondioksida itu di proses dalam organ
pernafasan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian – bagian ( organ
) dari pernafasan terdiri dari :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran nafas
atas ( hidung, sinus paranasal dan faring)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran nafas
bawah ( laring, trakea, bronkus, bronkeolus, dan alveolus )</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi didalam proses pernafasan
dimulai dari menghirup oksigen melalui hidung diteruskan ke dalam faring –
laring – trakea – bronkus – bronkeolus – lalu ke alveolus dan kembali
dihembuskan melalui hidung.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi paru – paru
ialah pertukaran gas oksigen dan karbondioksida. Dalam bernafas, semua organ –
organ dalam sistem pernafasan berfungsi diantaranya :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidung</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidung merupakan saluran udara yang pertama yang
mempunyai dua lubang ( kavum nasi ), dipisahkan oleh sekat hidung ( septum nasi
). Didalamnya terdapat bulu – bulu yang berguna untuk menyaring udara, debu dan
kotoran yang masuk ke lubang hidung.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinus paranasal</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari sinus frontalis, etmoidalis,
sphenoidalis dan maxillaris yang bermuara di rongga hidung. Sinus paranasal ini
berfungsi untuk membantu menghangatkan dan humidifikasi, meringankan berat
tulang tengkorak, dan mengatur bunyi suara dengan ruang – ruang resonansi. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faring</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faring / tekak merupakan tempat persimpangan antara
jalan pernafasan dan jalan makanan, terdapat dibawah dasar tengkorak,
dibelakang rongga hidung dan mulut sebelah depan ruas tulang leher. Faring
berfungi untuk menelan dan respirasi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laring</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laring atau pangkal tenggorok merupakan saluran
udara dan bertindak sebagai pembentukan suara, terletak di depan bagian faring
sampai ketinggian vertebra servikalis dan masuk kedalam trakea dibawahnya.
Pangkal tenggorok itu dapat ditutup oleh sebuah empeng tenggorok yang disebut
epiglotis yang terdiri dari tulang – tulang rawan yang berfungsi pada waktu
kita menelan makanan menutupi laring. Laring berfungsi untuk pembentukan suara.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trakea </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trakea atau batang tenggorok merupakan lanjutan dari
laring yang dibentuk oleh 16 – 20 cincin yang terdiri dari tulang – tulan
grawan yang terbentuk seperti kuku kuda. Terdapat sel bersillia yang berfungsi
untuk mengeluarkan benda – benda asing yang masuk bersama – sama dengan udara
pernafasan. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bronkus</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bronkus atau cabang tenggorok merupakan lanjutan
dari trakea, mempunyaistruktur serupa dengan trakea dan dilapisi oleh jenis set
yang sama. Bronkus kanan lebih pendek dari bronkus kiri terdiri 6 – 8 cincin,
mempunyai 3 cabang. Bronkus kiri lebih panjang dan lebih ramping dari kanan
terdiri dari 9 – 12 cincin mempunyai 2 cabang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi
Fisiologi Faring</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faring adalah suatu kantong fibromuskuler yang
bentuknya seperti corong, yang besar di bagian atas dan sempit di bagian bawah.
Kantong ini mulai dari dasar tengkorak terus menyambung ke esofagus setinggi
servikal ke-6. Ke atas faring berhubungan dengan rongga hidung melalui koana, ke
depan berhubungan dengan rongga mulut melalui ismus orofaring, sedangkan dengan
laring di bawah berhubungan melalui aditus laring dan ke bawah berhubungan
esofagus. Panjang dinding posterior faring pada orang dewasa kurang lebih 14
cm; bagian ini merupakan bagian dinding faring yang terpanjang. Dinding faring
dibentuk oleh (dari dalam keluar) selaput lendir, fasia faringobasiler,
pembungkus otot dan sebagian fasia bukofaringeal.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faring
terbagi atas nasofaring, orofaring dan laringofaring (hipofaring). Unsur-unsur
faring meliputi mukosa, palut lendir (mucous blanket) dan otot. Bentuk mukosa
faring bervariasi, tergantung letaknya. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
nasofaring karena fungsinya untuk respirasi, maka mukosanya bersilia, sedangkan
epitelnya torak berlapis yang mengandung sel goblet. Di bagian bawahnya, yaitu
orofaring dan laringofaring, karena fungsinya untuk saluran cerna, epitelnya
gepeng berlapis dan tidak bersilia. Di sepanjang faring dapat ditemukan banyak
sel jaringan limfoid yang terletak dalam rangkaian jaringan ikat yang termasuk
dalam sistem retikuloendotelial. Oleh karena itu faring dapat disebut juga
daerah pertahanan tubuh terdepan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah nasofaring dilalui oleh udara pernapasan yang
diisap melalui hidung. Di bagian atas, nasofaring ditutupi oleh palut lendir
yang terletak atas silia dan bergerak sesuai dengan arah gerak silia ke
belakang. Palut lendir ini berfungsi untuk menangkap partikel kotoran yang
terbawa oleh udara yang diisap. Palut ini mengandung enzim Lyzozyme yang
penting untuk proteksi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otot
faring tersusun dalam lapisan melingkar (sirkuler) dan memenjang
(longitudinal). Otot-otot yang sirkuler terdiri dari m.konstriktor faring
superior, media dan inferior. Otot-otot ini terletak di sebelah luar, berbentuk
kipas dengan tiap bagian bawahnya menutup sebagian otot bagian atasnya dari
belakang. Kerja otot konstriktor untuk mengecilkan lumen faring. Otot-otot ini
dipersarafi n.vagus (n.X). Otot-otot yang longitudinal adalah m.stilofaring dan
m.palatofaring. M.stilofaring gunanya untuk melebarkan faring dan menarik
rahang, sedangkan m.palatofaring mempertemukan ismus orofaring dan menaikkan
bagian bawah faring dan laring. Jadi kedua otot ini bekerja sebagai elevator.
Kerja kedua otot ini penting pada waktu menelan. M.stiofaring dipersarafi oleh
n.IX sedangkan m.palatofaring dipersarafi oleh n.X (Rusmarjono,et.al., 2001)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Dasar Penyakit</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Faringitis</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa definisi tentang faringitis :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
adalah suatu penyakit peradangan yang menyerang tenggorokan yang disebabkan
oleh virus / bakteri tertentu ( diunduh dari wikipedia.org, tanggal 20 November
2011 )</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Ngastiyah ( 2005 ) Faringitis adalah radang pada faring yang biasanya disebabkan
oleh virus dan bakteri </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
Faringitis</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu akut dan kronis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis akut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
akut adalah inflamasi febris tenggorok yang disebabkan oleh organisme virus
hampir 70% ( Brunner & Suddart 2002 : 548 ).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
kronik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
kronik umum terjadi pada individu dewasa yang bekerja atau tinggal dalam
lingkungan berdebu, menggunakan suara berlebihan, menderita akibat batuk kronik
dan penggunaan alkohol dan tembakau.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi dari faringitis menurut Brunner dan Suddart
( 2002 ) :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis akut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
akut bisa disebabkan oleh virus maupun bakteri.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Virus
(yaitu rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza, coxsackievirus, <i>Epstein – Barr
</i>virus, herpes virus). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Bakteria
(yaitu, grup A ß-hemolytic <i>Streptococcus </i>[paling sering]), <i>Chlamydia,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i>, <i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>, <i>Neisseria
gonorrhoeae</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
Kronik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
kronik biasa disebabkan oleh :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan yang
berdebu</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
alkohol dan tembakau</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi Klinis</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi klinis dibagi menjadi akut dan kronik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
Klinis akut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
klinis faringitis akut terdiri dari :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membran mukosa
sangat merah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonsil berwarna
kemerahan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Folikel limfoid
membengkak dan dipenuhi eksudat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malaise</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serak </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuk</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi virus tidak terkomplikasi
biasanya hilang dengan segera, dalam 3 – 10 hari. Namun faringitis yang
disebabkan oleh bakteri yang lebih virulen misalnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">streptokokus group A</i> adalah penyakit yang lebih parah selama fase
akut, dan jauh lebih penting karena insiden dari bahaya komplikasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
Klinis Kronik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
klinis faringitis kronik terdiri dari :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iritasi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lendir yang
terkumpul dalam tenggorokan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesulitan
menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penularan
terjadi melalui droplet. Kuman menginfiltrasi lapisan epitel kemudian bila
epitel terkikis maka jaringan limfoid superficial bereaksi terjadi pembendungan
radang dengan infiltrasi leukosit polimorfonuklear. Pada stadium awal terdapat
hiperemi, kemudian oedem dan sekresi yang meningkat. Eksudat mula-mula serosa
tapi menjadi menebal dan cenderung menjadi kering dan dapat melekat pada
dinding faring. Dengan hiperemi, pembuluh darah dinding faring menjadi lebar.
Bentuk sumbatan yang berwarna kuning, putih, atau abu-abu terdapat pada folikel
atau jaringan limfoid. Tampak bahwa folikel limfoid dan bercak-bercak pada
dinding faring posterior atau terletak lebih ke lateral menjadi meradang dan
membengkak sehingaa timbul radang pada tenggorok atau faringitis.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
beberapa komplikasi yang dapat disebabkan diantaranya :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otitis media
purulenta bakterialis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah
telinga tengah normalnya adalah steril. Bakteri masuk melalui tube eustacius
akibat kontaminasi sekresi dalam nasofaring.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abses
Peritonsiler</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
infeksi berasal dari penjalaran faringitis/tonsilitis akut yang mengalami
supurasi, menembus kapsul tonsil.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glomerulus Akut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
Streptokokus pada daerah faring masuk ke peredaran darah, masuk ke ginjal.
Proses autoimun kuman streptokokus yang nefritogen dalam tubuh meimbulkan bahan
autoimun yang merusak glomerulus.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam Reumatik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
streptoceal yang awalnya ditandai dengan luka pada tenggorok akan menyebabkan
peradangan dan pembentukan jaringan parut pada katup-katup jantung, terutama
pada katup mitral dan aorta.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinusitis<br />
Sinusitis adalah radang sinus yang ada disekitar hidung dapat berupa sinusitis
maksilaris / frontalis. Sinusitis maksilaris disebabkan oleh komplikasi
peradangan jalan napas bagian atas (salah satunya faringitis), dibantu oleh
adanya faktor predisposisi. Penyakit ini dapat disebabkan oleh kuman tunggal
dan dapat juga campuran seperti streptokokus, pneumokokus, hemophilus influenza
dan kleb siella pneumoniae.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningitis<br />
Infeksi bakteri padadaerah faring yang masuk ke peredaran darah, kemudian masuk
ke meningen dapat menyebabkan meningitis. Akan tetapi komplikasi meningitis
akibat faringitis jarang terjadi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pemeriksaan
dengan mempergunakan spatel lidah, tampak tonsil membengkak, hiperemis,
terdapat detritus, berupa bercak (folikel, lakuna, bahkan membran). Kelenjar
submandibula membengkak dan nyeri tekan, terutama pada anak.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Biopsi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
jaringan untuk pemeriksaan dapat diperoleh dari saluran pernapasan (sekitar
faring) dengan menggunakan teknik endoskopi. Jaringan tersebut akan diperiksa
dengan mikroskop untuk mengetahui adanya peradangan akibat bakteri atau virus.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Sputum</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
sputum makroskopik, mikroskopik atau bakteriologik penting dalam diagnosis
etiologi penyakit. Warna bau dan adanya darah merupakan petunjuk yang berharga.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Laboratorium</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel darah putih
(SDP)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
komponen sel darah putih dapat menunjukkan adanya infeksi atau inflamasi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa Gas
Darah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menilai fungsi pernapasan secara adekuat, perlu juga mempelajari hal-hal diluar
paru seperti distribusi gas yang diangkut oleh sistem sirkulasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan Medis </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Brunner dan Suddart ( 2002 ),
penatalaksanaan medis untuk penderita faringitis adalah : </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
medis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis akut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika penyebab peradangan
itu adalah bakteri, maka pengobatan dapat mencakup agens antimikrobial</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
streptokokus grup A : penicillin </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbanyak minum
air minimal 2 – 3 liter sehari</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika penyebabnya
virus, diberikan aspirin / asetaminofen cairan dan istirahat baring</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faringitis
kronik</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efineprin sulfat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenilefrin
hidroklorida</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drixoral</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimentapp </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asuhan
Keperawatan Klien dengan Gangguan Sistem Pernafasan : Faringitis</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asuhan keperawatan
klien dengan gangguan faringitis secara teoritis :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data Dasar</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas Pasien (nama, jenis kelamin, umur, status
perkawinan, agama, suku bangsa, pendidikan, bahasa yang digunakan, pekerjaan,
alamat, diagnosa medis, sumber biaya, dan sumber informasi).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas Penanggung (nama, jenis kelamin, umur,
status perkawinan, agama, suku bangsa, pendidikan, bahasa yang digunakan,
pekerjaan, alamat, dan hubungan dengan pasien)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Keperawatan, meliputi :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Kesehatan Sekarang Mengkaji data subjektif
yaitu data yang didapatkan dari klien, meliputi:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alasan masuk rumah sakit</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien mengatakan terasa nyeri di leher dan mengatakan
sakit saat menelan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluhan utama</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien mengatakan nyeri dan merasa tidak nyaman pada
daerah leher</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien mengatakan mual dan muntah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien mengatakan sakit saat menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kronologis keluhan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien mengeluh nyeri di leher</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Kesehatan Masa Lalu</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkaji
apakah sebelumnya pasien pernah mengalami sakit yang sama atau yang berhubungan
dengan penyakit yang saat ini diderita. Misalnya, sebelumnya pasien mengatakan
pernah mengalami infeksi pada saluran tenggorokan dan pernah menjalani
perawatan di RS.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Kesehatan Keluarga</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkaji
apakah dalam keluarga pasien ada/tidak yang mengalami penyakit yang sama</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Psikososial dan Spiritual </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkaji
orang terdekat dengan pasien, interaksi dalam keluarga, dampak penyakit pasien
terhadap keluarga, masalah yang mempengaruhi pasien, mekanisme koping terhadap
stres, persepsi pasien terhadap penyakitnya, tugas perkembangan menurut usia
saat ini, dan sistem nilai kepercayaan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data Bio-Psiko-Sosial-Spiritual Dikaji 14 kebutuhan
dasar manusia menurut Handerson, seperti :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bernafas<br />
Dikaji apakah pasien mengalami gangguan pernafasan, sesak, atau batuk, serta
ukur respirasi rate.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makan<br />
Dikaji apakah klien menghabiskan porsi makan yang telah disediakan RS, apakah
pasien mengalami mual atau muntah ataupun kedua-duanya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum<br />
Dikaji kebiasaan minum pasien sebelum dan saat berada di RS, apakah ada
perubahan (lebih banyak minum atau lebih sedikit dari biasanya)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eliminasi<br />
Dikaji pola buang air kecil dan buang air besar. Terutama difokuskan tentang
apakah pasien cenderung susah dalam buang air kecil (kaji kebiasaan dan volume
urine) atau mempunyai keluhan saat BAK.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak aktivitas </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji apakah pasien mengalami gangguan/keluhan dalam
melakukan aktivitasnya saat menderita suatu penyakit (dalam hal ini adalah
setelah didiagnosa mengalami Faringitis) atau saat menjalani perawatan di RS.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istirahat/tidur</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji apakah pasien mengalami gangguan pola tidur
akibat penyakitnya, misalnya gelisah dan tidak bisa tidur nyenyak saat merasa
nyeri di leher.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturan suhu tubuh </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji/ukur TTV pasien untuk mengetahui keadaan umum
pasien, apakah pasien mengalami demam atau tidak. Selain itu, observasi kondisi
pasien mulai dari ekspresi wajah sampai kulit, apakah kulitnya hangat atau kemerahan,
wajahnya pucat atau tidak.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebersihan diri </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji kebersihan pasien saat dirawat di RS, bila
perlu libatkan keluarga pasien dalam melakukan perawatan diri pasien, misalnya
saat mandi dan sebagainya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa nyaman</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji kondisi pasien yang berhubungan dengan
gejala-gejala penyakitnya, misalnya pasien merasa nyeri di perut bagian bawah
(dikaji dengan PQRST : faktor penyebabnya, kualitas/kuantitasnya, lokasi,
lamanya dan skala nyeri).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa aman</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji apakah pasien merasa cemas akan setiap tindakan
keperawatan yang diberikan kepadanya, dan apakah pasien merasa lebih aman saat
ditemani keluarganya selama di RS.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sosial dan komunikasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji bagaimana interaksi pasien terhadap keluarga,
petugas RS dan lingkungan sekitar (termasuk terhadap pasien lainnya).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji tingkat pengetahuan pasien tentang penyakitnya
yang diderita saat ini dan terapi yang akan diberikan untuk kesembuhannya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rekreasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikaji apakah pasien memiliki hobi ataupun kegiatan
lain yang ia senangi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spiritual<br />
Dikaji bagaimana pendapat pasien tentang penyakitnya, apakah pasien menerima
penyakitnya adalah karena murni oleh penyakit medis ataupun sebaliknya. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian Fisik, meliputi :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan Umum, yaitu dengan mengobservasi bentuk tubuh,
warna kulit, kesadaran, dan kesan umum pasien (saat pertama kali MRS).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala Kardinal, yaitu dengan mengukur TTV (suhu,
nadi, tekanan darah, dan respirasi).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan Fisik, yaitu melakukan inspeksi, palpasi,
perkusi, dan auskultasi dari kepala sampai anus, tapi lebih difokuskan pada
bagian leher.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang, yaitu dari hasil pemeriksaan
laboratorium dengan uji kultur dan uji resistensi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa
keperawatan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri akut
berhubungan dengan inflamasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakefektifan
pola nafas berhubungan dengan obstruksi jalan nafas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakseimbangan
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan kesulitan menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana Asuhan
Keperawatan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri akut
berhubungan dengan inflamasi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan tindakan keperawatan diharapkan nyeri pasien berkurang / hilang
dengan skala hasil 1 – 3 </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria Hasil :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laporkan
frekuensi nyeri</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji frekuensi
nyeri</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lamanya nyeri
berlangsung</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekspresi wajah
terhadap nyeri</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegelisahan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan TTV</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji secara
menyeluruh tentang nyeri termasuk lokasi, durasi, frekuensi, intensitas, dan faktor
penyebab.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi
isyarat non verbal dari ketidaknyamanan terutama jika tidak dapat berkomunikasi
secara efektif.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan tindakan
lokal (berkumur, menghisap, kompres hangat) untuk mengurangi sakit tenggorok.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi
Berikan analgetik dengan tepat.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi tentang nyeri seperti penyebab nyeri, berapa lama akan berakhir dan
antisipasi ketidaknyamanan dari prosedur.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan teknik
non farmakologi (misalnya: relaksasi, guide, imagery, terapi musik, distraksi)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakefektifan
pola nafas berhubungan dengan obstruksi jalan nafas </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> nafas efektif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditujukkan
dengan tidak ada benda asing / peradangan di saluran nafas atas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria Hasil :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukkan jalan napas paten dengan bunyi napas
bersih</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada dipsneu</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada pembesaran pada peradangan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji frekuensi
atau kedalaman pernapasan dan gerakan dada</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi area
paru, catat area penurunan udara</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji vital sign
dan status respirasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi
pemberian oksigen</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi
pemberian antibiotik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakseimbangan
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan kesulitan menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan tindakan keperawatan diharapkan status nutrisi pasien terpenuhi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria Hasil</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan
pemasukan nutrisi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempertahankan
berat badan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaporkan
keadekuatan tingkat energi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya
tahan tubuh adekuat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 96.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji status nutrisi pasien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketahui makanan kesukaan pasien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan pasien makan sedikit demi
sedikit tapi sering</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji membran mukosa dan turgor kulit
setiap hari untuk monitor hidrasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbang BB pada interval yang tepat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi dengan tim gizi dalam
pemberian diet yang sesuai</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251736064;"><span style="height: 33px; left: 0px; left: 487px; position: absolute; top: -75px; width: 60px;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="60" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">BAB III</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">KASUS</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pada bab ini </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">kelompok</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> menyajikan laporan kasus
yaitu Asuhan Keperawatan pada </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">T</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">n. H dengan Gangguan Sistem Per</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">nafasan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Faringitis</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> yang dirawat di
Ruang </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Anggrek RSUD Sehat Bersama</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Pontianak</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pengkajian</span></b></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Identitas Klien.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N a m a<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">T</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">n. H.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">U m u r<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">40</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Tahun.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A g a m a<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Islam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bangsa/Suku<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Indonesia/</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Melayu</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tamatan SMA</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pekerjaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Swasta ( pedagang )</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Status Perkawinan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sudah Menikah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A l a m a t<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Jalan batu sehat, gg bersama</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">R u a n g<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Anggrek</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N0. RM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 529867.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tanggal Masuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 11 – </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> – 20</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tanggal Pengkajian<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">12</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> – </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> –</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">20</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11 </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dx. Medis<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Faringitis</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Penanggung Jawab<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Istri </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tn. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">H</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
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<td height="78" width="237"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="43" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="59"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251738112;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">18</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span>
</span><br />
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /></span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Riwayat Kesehatan Klien.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kesehatan Masa Lalu.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klien
biasanya hanya demam, batuk, dan pilek dan sembuh setelah minum obat dari
warung dan puskesmas. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Riwayat Kesehatan Sekarang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Keluhan utama/alasan
masuk rumah sakit.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pada tanggal </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11 November</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> 20</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">datang ke RS </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dengan keluhan demam tinggi, </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">sakit kepala, sakit pada tenggorok selama 2 hari, dan batuk. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Keluhan waktu di data.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pada saat dikaji data yang didapatkan </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">adalah :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien sakit kepala, batuk, demam tinggi, mialgia , sakit
/ nyeri di bagian tenggorokan dan sulit untuk menelan. Terlihat klien meringis
kesakitan, lemah, dan terbaring bedrest dan juga terdapat radang pada tenggorok
klien.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P :
Pada saat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menelan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Q : </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ditusuk – tusuk </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R : </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tenggorok</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S : 4-6</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T : Intermitten</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil pemeriksaan saat auskultasi
menunjukkan Ronchi -/- dan TTV : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TD : 120 / 90<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>RR : 28x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">S : 38<sup>0</sup>C<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>N : 90x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Riwayat Kesehatan Keluarga</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Menurut </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">istri</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> klien didalam keluarganya
tidak terdapat keluarga yang menderita penyakit keturunan seperti Diabetes
Melitus, Hipertensi dan Jantung.</span></span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Struktur Keluarga / Genogram</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
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<td height="28" width="164"><br /></td>
<td width="38"><br /></td>
<td width="217"><br /></td>
<td width="38"><br /></td>
</tr>
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<td height="1"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Oval: x" height="41" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="38" /></span></td>
</tr>
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<td height="40"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="38" /></span></td>
</tr>
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<td height="1"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 217px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251728896;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 180px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 229px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 371px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251689984;">
</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251686912;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="26" /></span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Keterangan : </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251687936;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="26" /></span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">: Laki – Laki</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt center 206.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Perempuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt center 206.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251688960;"><span style="height: 21px; left: 0px; left: 38px; position: absolute; top: -4px; width: 24px;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.gif" width="24" /></span></span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Klien </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">X <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Meninggal</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>--------<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tinggal Serumah</span></span></div>
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<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Data Biologis</span></span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pola Nutrisi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sebelum sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien makan 3-4 kali /hari dengan
menu bervariasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nasi, lauk dan sayur.
Klien tidak mempunyai pantangan dalam makanan. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 5.0cm 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saat sakit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : Klien
makan 3 kali/hari dengan menu bubur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
disediakan di rumah sakit. Klien dapat menghabiskan makanan sesuai dengan porsi
yang diberikan RS.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pola minum/cairan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sebelum sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien minum ± 1500 – 2000 cc/hari
dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 155.95pt; tab-stops: 148.85pt 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenis air
putih</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saat sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien minum ± 500 – 1000
cc/hari dengan jenis air putih</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pola Eliminasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sebelum sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien BAB 1- 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kali/hari dengan konsistensi lunak, berwarna
kuning kecoklatan dan berbau khas tanpa tanpa ada keluhan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien BAK 6 – 7 kali/hari warna urine kuning
jernih, tidak ada keluhan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saat sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien sudah 3 hari tidak BAB </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">BAK 4 – 5 kali / hari
</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dengan warna urine kuning jernih, saat dikaji
sebanyak 300cc </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pola istirahat tidur</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 5.0cm; tab-stops: 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sebelum sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien tidur ± 7 – 8 jam /hari dengan
menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bantal dan penerangan
yang cukup.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien kadang – kadang tidur siang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt 134.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saat sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien bisa tidur ±<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 – 6 jam /hari. Jika dibantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan obat-obatan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pola kebersihan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sebelum sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien mandi 2 kali/hari dengan
menggunakan sabun, gosok gigi dan mencuci rambut setiap kali mandi, potong kuku
jika tampak panjang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saat sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien mandi 1 kali/hari dengan
diseka </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">istrinya</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, klien selama di RS
jarang menggosok gigi, cuci rambut 3 hari sekali, dan potong kuku jika panjang.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pola
aktivitas </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sebelum sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klien dapat beraktivitas secara
mandiri.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; tab-stops: 127.6pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saat sakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Klien berbaring
ditempat tidur, bedrest, semua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebutuhan klien dibantu oleh keluarga dan
perawat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">a. Keadaan umum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: Lemah.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 162.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -126.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">b. Tingkat kesadaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : Compos mentis. GCS= E: 4. M: 6.V:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TTV<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: TD<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : 120/90mmHg <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nadi :90 x/menit</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Suhu : 3</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">8</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> °C <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RR :28 x/menit.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepala, Leher dan Axilla. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kepala<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pada saat di Inspeksi rambut berwarna hitam, distribusi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merata, tidak tampak lesi,
saat di palpasi tidak terdapat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>benjolan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Leher <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pada saat di inspeksi tidak tampak pembesaran vena</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -59.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jugularis dan pembengkakkan
kelenjar tiroid, tidak terdapat lesi. Pada saat dipalpasi tidak teraba
benjolan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada leher. Leher klien kaku,
extensi abnormal</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Axilla<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pada saat di inspeksi kebersihan kurang, tidak tampak lesi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.0cm; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tidak tampak pembesaran kelenjar getah
bening.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">M a t a. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bentuk simetris, sklera tidak
ikteri, konjungtiva tidak anemis, pupil isokor, lingkaran mata tampak cekung,
klien tidak menggunakan alat bantu penglihatan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Telinga.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bentuk simetris, pendengaran baik ditandai
dengan klien dapat sedikit menganggukkan kepalanya saat ditanya dan klien dapat
kontak mata saat diajak berbicara, tampak sedikit serumen. Klien tidak
menggunakan alat bantu pendengaran.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Hidung </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bentuk simetris, pernafasan
melalui hidung, mukosa merah muda, penciuman tidak dapat digali karena klien
mengalami Afasia.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mulut dan Faring </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bentuk bibir simetris,</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">bibir tampak kering,
gigi lengkap, mukosa lembab, </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">terdapat peradangan di
tenggorok, dan eritema faring.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">D a d a</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rongga thorax</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bentuk simetris, pergerakan
dada reguler RR: 28x/menit, tidak menggunakan alat bantu pernafasan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Paru-paru</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pada saat diauskultasi tidak
terdengar bunyi ronchi, wheezing, maupun stridor.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Jantung</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pada saat di auskultasi bunyi
jantung terdengar jelas S1 dan S2 reguler dan tidak terdengar bunyi tambahan S3
dan S4</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Payudara</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bentuk simetris, tidak
terdapat benjolan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">j.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Abdomen :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -73.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kuadran I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bentuk simetris, tidak terdapat
lesi tidak terdapat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -73.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembesaran hati,
terdengar bunyi dulnes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 163.05pt; tab-stops: 148.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kuadran II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bentuk simetris, saat dipalpasi klien
dapat merespon nyeri klien tampak meringis, saat di perkusi terdengar bunyi
timpani.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 5.0cm; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kuadran III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tidak tampak lesi, tidak teraba
ginjal bising usus</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 163.05pt; tab-stops: 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3kali/menit. Nyeri
tekan saat di palpasi klien<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meringis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -73.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kuadran IV<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tidak tampak lesi, tidak
teraba ginjal, terdapat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nyeri tekan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Punggung :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tidak terdapat kelainan
bentuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada punggung klien.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -47.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">etalia
dan Rektum :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ebersihan
cukup, pada rectum tidak terdapat hemoroid.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ekstremitas :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bentuk simetris, klien dapat
menggerakkan kedua</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tangannya, klien tampak lemah.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3.0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bawah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: Bentuk simetris, klien dapat menggerakkan kedua</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3.0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kakinya,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: 267px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251699200;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 235px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 62px; z-index: 251700224;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif" width="62" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kekuatan Otot<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">4</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Data Psikologis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Status emosi <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Emosi klien kurang stabil
ditandai dengan klien selalu menangis bila disapa.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Konsep diri <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien seorang kepala keluarga
yang masih diperdulikan oleh keluarganya</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gaya Komunikasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">berkomunikasi dengan bahasa melayu dan perawat mengerti.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pola Interaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">K</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">lien mangatakan pola interaksi klien pada saat sehat sangat baik, karena
banyak sekali teman yang dekat dengan nya</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> ditandai dengan
banyaknya teman yang menjenguknya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pola Koping<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">K</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">lien mengatakan setiap ada masalah klien selalu bercerita kepada orang
tuanya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Data Sosial</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pendidikan dan
Pekerjaan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">tamatan SMA dan bekerja sebagai pedagang ( swasta )</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Hubungan sosial. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">H</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ubungan sosial klien
sangat baik, klien sering berinteraksi dengan warga ditempat tinggalnya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Faktor sosio kultural
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien bersuku </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">melayu</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, didalam melakukan tindakan keperawatan tidak ada
yang bertentangan dengan kebudayaan klien. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gaya hidup </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien tidak pernah merokok dan meminum alkohol.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Data Spiritual</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien beragama </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">islam</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, sebelum sakit klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">melakukan sholat 5 waktu</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">. Saat sakit klien
hanya dapat berdoa untuk kesembuhannya</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> dan jarang sholat 5
waktu</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Data Penunjang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rontgen Torax<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak tampak pembesaran jantung</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CT
Scan <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(-) Tidak tampak kelainan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rontgen Tulang Belakang<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(-) Tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tampak osteolitis.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Hasil laboratorium Tanggal </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11 November 2011</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Hb <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>10,8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nilai
Normal 14 – 18 g/dl.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Leukosit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">12.000</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nilai Normal 4500 – 11.000 g/dl.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Trombosit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>`<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>203<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nilai Normal 150 – 440 m/dl.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pengobatan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Oral :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Penicillin (</span><span lang="EN-US">125-250 mg penisilin V tiga kali sehari selama 10 hari</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Obat kumur hanga</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ANALISA DATA</span></b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; height: 1166px; width: 625px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Data</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Senjang</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Etiologi</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Masalah</span></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 475.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 475.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- ¨</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">klein mengatakan
sakit / nyeri dibagian tenggorok sejak 2 hari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">¨</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P : Pada saat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menelan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Q : </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ditusuk –
tusuk </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R : </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tenggorok</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S : 4-6</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T : Intermitten</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 10.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">tampak meringis
kesakitan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- Klien tampak lemah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- TTV :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TD : 120 / 90</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RR : 28x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">S : 38<sup>0</sup>C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N : 90x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien mengatakan sering
batuk</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien mengatakan gatal pada
tenggorokannya</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien tampak batuk, </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tampak peradangan pada
tenggorok klien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TTV :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TD : 120 / 90</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RR : 28x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">S : 38<sup>0</sup>C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N : 90x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien mengatakan sulit /
sakit saat menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien tampak meringis
kesakitan saat menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien tampak lemah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Membran mukosa pucat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">BB sebelum sakit : 65kg</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">BB saat sakit : 52 kg</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Hb : 10,8</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 475.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Inflamasi </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Obstruksi jalan nafas ( peradangan faring )</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kesulitan menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 475.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Nyeri akut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ketidakefektifan pola <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nafas</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ketidakseimbangan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span>
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<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251741184;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; left: 831px; position: absolute; top: -98px; width: 42px;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.gif" width="42" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RENCANA KEPERAWATAN</span></b></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -30.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 841px;">
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">No</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dx</span></b></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.65pt;" width="89"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tgl & Jam</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" width="246"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Diagnosa
Keperawatan</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tujuan &
Kriteria Hasil</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" width="265"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Intervensi</span></b></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1.</span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.65pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11 November 2011</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Nyeri akut berhubungan dengan inflamasi yang
ditandai dengan :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS : </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">klein mengatakan sakit /
nyeri dibagian tenggorok sejak 2 hari</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P : Pada saat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menelan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Q : </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ditusuk –
tusuk </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R : </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tenggorok</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S : 4-6</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T : Intermitten</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 10.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">tampak meringis
kesakitan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- Klien tampak lemah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 30.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Nyeri teratasi</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> setelah dilakukan
tindakan keperawatan selama </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">x 24 jam dengan kriteria hasil:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 30.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">klien mengatakan sakit / nyeri
dibagian tenggorok sudah berkurang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>klien tampak tenang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- keadaan klien tampak membaik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- TTV<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam rentang normal :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TD : 110 / 80</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RR : 20x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">S : 37<sup>0</sup>C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N : 75x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" valign="top" width="265"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1.</span><span lang="EN-US"> Kaji secara
menyeluruh tentang nyeri termasuk lokasi, durasi, frekuensi, intensitas, dan
faktor penyebab.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2. </span><span lang="EN-US">Observasi isyarat non
verbal dari ketidaknyamanan terutama jika tidak dapat berkomunikasi secara
efektif.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3. </span><span lang="EN-US">Gunakan tindakan lokal
(berkumur, menghisap, kompres hangat) untuk mengurangi sakit tenggorok.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4. </span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi Berikan
analgetik dengan tepat.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 334px; margin-top: 94px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 60px; z-index: 251740160;"><img alt="Text Box: 30" class="shape" height="42" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.gif" width="60" /></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5. </span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan informasi tentang
nyeri seperti penyebab nyeri, berapa lama akan berakhir dan antisipasi ketidaknyamanan
dari prosedur.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251742208;"><span style="height: 52px; left: 0px; left: 288px; position: absolute; top: -175px; width: 63px;"><img height="52" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.gif" width="63" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6. </span><span lang="EN-US">Ajarkan teknik non farmakologi (misalnya: relaksasi, guide,
imagery, terapi musik, distraksi)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.65pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11 November 2011</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ketidakefektifan pola nafas berhubungan dengan obstruksi
jalan nafas ( peradangan faring ) yang ditandai dengan :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien mengatakan sering batuk</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien tampak batuk,</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tampak peradangan pada
tenggorok klien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TTV :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TD : 120 / 90</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RR : 28x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">S : 38<sup>0</sup>C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N : 90x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Pola</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> nafas efektif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditujukkan
dengan tidak ada benda asing / peradangan di saluran nafas atas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">setelah dilakukan tindakan selama </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> x 24 jam dengan kriteria
hasil:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien mengatakan batuknya berkurang
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien mengatakan gatal pada
tenggorokannya berkurang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- Batuk klien tampak berkurang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- peradangan taampak berkurang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TTV dalam rentang normal :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TD : 110 / 80</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RR : 20x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">S : 37<sup>0</sup>C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N : 75x / m</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" valign="top" width="265"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1. </span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji frekuensi atau
kedalaman pernapasan dan gerakan dada</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. </span><span lang="EN-US">Auskultasi
area paru, catat area penurunan udara</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3. </span><span lang="EN-US">Bantu pasien latihan
nafas dalam dan melakukan batuk efektif.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 56px; left: 0px; margin-left: 329px; margin-top: 106px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 45px; z-index: 251744256;"><img alt="Text Box: 31" class="shape" height="56" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.gif" width="45" /></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4. </span><span lang="EN-US">Berikan posisi semifowler
dan pertahankan posisi klien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251745280;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; left: 283px; position: absolute; top: -101px; width: 60px;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.gif" width="60" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji vital sign dan
status respirasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 56px; left: 0px; margin-left: 341px; margin-top: 507px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 63px; z-index: 251747328;"><img alt="Text Box: 32" class="shape" height="56" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.gif" width="63" /></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6. kolaborasi pemberian antibiotik </span></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 254.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">3.</span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 254.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.65pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11 November 2011</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 254.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ketidakseimbangan nutrisi
kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan kesulitan menelan yang ditandai
dengan :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien mengatakan sulit /
sakit saat menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien tampak meringis
kesakitan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien tampak lemah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mukosa klien pucat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">BB sebelum sakit : 65kg</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">BB saat sakit : 52 kg</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Hb : 11,5</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 254.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">menelan dengan baik </span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3 x 24 jam dengan
kriteria hasil:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DS :</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dapat menelan dan tidak
sakit</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">DO :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- Klien </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">tampak tenang saat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menelan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- klien tampak membaik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- mukosa klien lembab dan berwarna putih kemerahan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- BB : 54 kg</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">- Hb : 12</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 254.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" valign="top" width="265"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251748352;"><span style="height: 46px; left: 0px; left: 293px; position: absolute; top: -107px; width: 50px;"><img height="46" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.gif" width="50" /></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1. </span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji status nutrisi pasien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. </span><span lang="EN-US">Ketahui
makanan kesukaan pasien</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. </span><span lang="EN-US">Anjurkan
pasien makan sedikit demi sedikit tapi sering</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4. </span><span lang="EN-US">Kaji
membran mukosa dan turgor kulit setiap hari untuk monitor hidrasi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">5. </span><span lang="EN-US">Timbang
BB pada interval yang tepat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">6. </span><span lang="EN-US">Kolaborasi
dengan tim gizi dalam pemberian diet yang sesuai</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 830px; margin-top: 80px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 82px; z-index: 251750400;"><img alt="Text Box: 33" class="shape" height="49" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.gif" width="82" /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251753472;"><span style="height: 48px; left: 0px; left: 518px; position: absolute; top: -80px; width: 59px;">
</span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="48" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="59"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251753472;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">34</span></div>
</div>
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</tbody></table>
</span> </span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pelaksanaan Keperwatan ( implementasi )</span></b></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Pelaksanaan keperawatan adalah
tindakan keperwatan secara nyata berupa serangkaian kegiatan yang sistematis
berdasarkan perencanaan untuk mencapai hasil yang optimal. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apabila
tindakan keperawatan dilakukan bersama dengan pasien dan atau keluarga
hendaknya penjelasan diberikan terlebih dahulu mencakup tindakan yang akan
dilakukan dan bantuan yang diharapkan dari pasien atau keluarganya. Juga
apabila tindakan keperawatan dilakukan oleh beberapa orang tenaga perawat
hendaknya tindakan yang akan dilakukan didiskusikan terlebih dahulu. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Adapun pelaksanaan yang dilakukan
pada pasien yang hipertensi adalah disesuaikan dengan rencana keperawatan yang
telah dibuat berdasarkan prioritas yag timbul. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Evaluasi Keperawatan </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 18.1pt 36.2pt 54.3pt 63.35pt 72.4pt 190.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Evaluasi
atau penilaian pada dasarnya adalah merujuk kepada suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan yang dimaksudkan untuk mengambil
keputusan dalam rangka memberi nilai terhadap suatu (orang, benda, fakta). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 18.1pt 36.2pt 54.3pt 63.35pt 72.4pt 190.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Dalam
konteks keperawatan evaluasi adalah penilaian fase proses keperawatan,
mempertimbangkan efektifitas tindakan keperawatan dan menunjukan perkembangan
pasien terhadap pencapaian tujuan. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Dari
masalah yang timbul pada pasien dengan </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">faringitis</span><span lang="EN-US">, maka hasil yang diharapkan pasien akan
: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mempertahankan TD dalam rentang
individu yang dapat diterima. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menunjukkan penurunan </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">dalam skala nyeri</span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menunjukkan </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">bernafas dengan normal</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menunjukkan perubahan pola
makan. </span></span></div>
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<td><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img height="47" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.gif" width="88" /></span></td>
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</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>
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Ners AmmaRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17743315143081739375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-86896727060458662372017-09-10T01:49:00.004-07:002017-09-10T01:49:58.461-07:00konsep Asuhan Keperawatan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Pengertian<br /><br /> Asuhan keperawatan adalah suatu proses atau rangkaian kegiatan pada prakrik keperawatan yang langsung diberikan kepada klien/pasien pada berbagai tatanan layanan kesehatan. Asuhan keperawatan dilaksanakan dengan mengunakan metode proses keperawatan, berpedoman pada standar keperawatan, dilandasi etik dan etika keperawatan dalam lingkup wewenang serta tanggung jawabnya (Kusnanto, 2004).<br /><br />Menurut Yura dan Wals (1983), asuhan keperawatan adalah suatu metode yang sistematis dan ilmiah yang digunakan perawat dalam mencapai atau mempertahankan keadaan bio-psiko-sosio-spiritual yang optimal melalui tahap pengkajian, identifikasi diagnosis keperawatan, penuntunan rencana keperawatan, implementasi tindakan keperawatan, serta evaluasi.<br /><br />Menurut Carol V.A, dalam buku Asmadi (2008), asuhan keperawatan adalah suatu metode yang sistematis untuk mengkaji respons manusia terhadap masalah kesehatan dan membuat rencana keperawatan yang bertujuan mengatasi masalah tersebut. Proses keperawatan mendokumentasikan kontribusi perawat dalam mengurangi atau mengatasi masalah kesehatan klien.<br /><br />Berdasarkan pengertian di atas maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa asuhan keperawatan merupakan serangkaian proses yang sistematis mulai dari tahap pengkajian sampai dengan evaluasi yang bertujuan untuk memberikan pelayanan kepada pasien dalam usaha memperbaiki ataupun memelihara derajat kesehatan pasien yang didasari pada teori keperawatan.<br /><br /> Tujuan Asuhan Keperawatan<br /><br />Proses keperawatan merupakan suatu upaya pemecahan masalah yang tujuan utamanya adalah membantu perawat menangani klien secara komprehensif dengan dilandasi alas an ilmiah, keterampilan teknis, dan keterampilan interpersonal. Penerapan proses keperawatan ini tidak hanya ditujukan untuk kepentingan klien semata, tetapi jua profesi keperawatan itu sendiri. Tujuan penerapan proses keperawatan bagi klien, antara lain:<br /><br /> Mempertahankan kesehatan klien.<br /> Mencegah sakit yang lebih parah/penyebaran penyakit/komplikasi akibat penyakit.<br /> Mengembalikan fungsi maksimal tubuh.<br /> Membantu klien terminal untuk meninggal dengan tenang.<br /><br />Tujuan penerapan proses keperawatan bagi profesionalitas keperawatan, antara lain:<br /><br /> Mempraktikan metode pemecahan masalah dalam praktik keperawatan.<br /> Menggunakan standar praktik keperawatan.<br /> Memperoleh metode yang baku, rasional, dan sistematis.<br /> Memperoleh hasil asuhan keperawatan dengan efektifitas yang tinggi (Asmadi,2008).<br /> Manfaat Asuhan Keperawatan<br /><br />Proses keperawatan sangat relevan dengan upaya dan arah perkembangan profesionalisme keperawatan saat ini. Penerapan proses keperawatan dalam member asuahn keperawatan kepada klien memberi beberapa manfaat :<br /><br /> Meningkatkan mutu layanan keperawatan. Proses keperawatan merupakan metode sistematis yang menjadi panduan bagi perawat dalam memberi asuhan keperawatan.<br /> Meningkatkan citra profesi keperawatan. Melalui penerapan proses keperawatan, mutu layanan keperawatan dapat ditingkatkan. Ini merupakan salah satu upaya promosi yang paling efektif, tepat, dan langsung mengubah persepsi masyarakat dan profesi lain tentang profesi keperawatan.<br /> Menggambarkan otonomi dan tanggung jawab perawat. Proses keperawatan memberi arah bagi perawat dalam melaksanakan asuhan keperawatan, mulai dari pengkajian sampai evaluasi.<br /> Mengembangkan keterampilan teknis dan intelektual perawat. Dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan kepada klien, perawat sebaiknya tidak terjebak pada kegiatan yang sifatnya rutinitas. Dikhawatirkan , ini akan menghambat perkembangan kemempuan intelektual dan teknis perawat bekerja ibarat robot.<br /> Meningkatkan rasa solidaritas dan rasa kesatuan perawat. Proses keperawatan dilakukan secara berkesinambungan dan komprehensif. Proses keperawatan dapat berfungsi sebagai media komunikasi antar perawat sehingga akan tercipta rasa kebersamaan.<br /> Menghasilkan praktik keperawatan yang profesional. Penerapan proses keperawatan didasarkan pada metode ilmiah, bukan pada institusi semata. Penerapan proses keperawatan menunjukkan ciri-ciri profesionalisme, diantaranya mengutamakan kepentingan klien (klien oriented), menggunakan pengetahuan ilmiah, serta menunjukkan tanggung jawab dan tanggung gugat dalam melaksanakan praktik keperawatan (Asmadi, 2008).<br /> Tahap-Tahap Asuhan keperawatan<br /><br />Sebaggai sebuah metode ilmiah, proses keperawatan harus mencakup tahap-tahap tertentu. Ada lima tahap dimana tahap-tahap tersebut tidak dapat dipisahkan dan saling berhubungan. Tahap-tahap ini secara bersama-sama membentuk lingkaran pemikiran dan tindakan yang kontinu, yang mengulangi kembali kontak dengan pasien. Berikut ini akan dijelaskan mengenai tahap-tahap dalam proses keperawatan.<br /><br /> Pengkajian<br /><br />Tahap pengkajian dari proses keperawatan merupakan proses dinamis yang terorganisasi dan meliputi tiga aktifitas dasar yaitu : pertama, mengumpulkan data secara sistematis; kedua, memilah dan mengatur data yang dikumpulkan; dan ketiga, mendokumentasikan data dalam format yang dapat dibuka kembali.<br /><br />Pengumpulan dan pengorganisasian data harus menggambarkan dua hal sebagai berikut: pertama, status kesehatan pasien; kedua, kekuatan pasien dan masalah yang dialami (aktual, resiko, atau potensial).<br /><br />Data dapat diperoleh dari riwayat keperawatan, keluhan utama pasien, pemeriksaan fisik, serta pemeriksaan penunjang atau test diagnostis. Pemeriksaan fisik meliputi pemeriksaan dari kepala sampai ke kaki (head to toe) melalui teknik inspeksi, palpasi, perkusi, dan auskultasi. Pemeriksaan penunjang misalnya hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, pemeriksaan radiologi, dan pemeriksaan biopsi.<br /><br />Dalam melakukan pengkajian diperlukan keahlian (skill) seperti wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, dan observasi. Hasil pengumpulan data kemudian diklasifikasikan dalam data subjektif dan objektif. Data subjektif merupakan ungkapan atau persepsi yang dikemukakan oleh pasien. Data objektif merupakan data yang didapat dari hasil observasi, pengukuran, dan pemeriksaan fisik. Ada beberapa cara pengelompokan data yaitu sebagai berikut :<br /><br /> Berdasarkan sistem tubuh.<br /> Berdasarkan kebutuhan dasar.<br /> Berdasarkan teori keperawatan.<br /> Berdasarkan pola kesehatan fungsional.<br /><br />Pengelompokan data berdasarkan teori keperawatan sangat membantu dalam proses identifikasi diagnosa keperawatan. Sedangkan pengelompokan data berdasarkan sistem tubuh juga sangat berguna untuk memberikan masukan kepada dokter.<br /><br /> Diagnosa keperawatan<br /><br />Diagnosa keperawatan adalah pernyataan yang jelas mengenai status kesehatan atau masalah aktual atau resiko dalam rangka mengidentifikasi dan menentukan intervensi keperawatan untuk mengurangi, menhilangkan atau mencegah masalah keperawatan klien yang ada pada tanggung jawabnya.<br /><br />Pada tahun 11973, NANDA telah menerbitkan daftar diagnosa keperawatan yang pertama. Kemudian setiap dua tahun sekali dilakukan pengembangan atau revisi. Tujuan penggunaan diagnosa adalah sebagai berikut.<br /><br /> Memberikan bahasa yang umum bagi perawat sehingga dapat terbentuk jalinan informasi dalam persamaan persepsi.<br /> Meningkatkan identifikasi tujuan yang tepat sehingga pemilihan intervensi lebiha kurat dan menjadi pedoman dalam melakukan intervensi.<br /> Menciptakan standar praktik keperawatan.<br /> Memberikan dasar peningkatan kualitas pelayanan keperawatan.<br /><br />Dalam merumuskan diagnose keperawatan, ada tiga komponen yang perlu dicantumkan, yaitu problem (P), etiologi (E), dan symptom (S). Dilihat dari status kesehatan klien, diagnosa dapat dibedakan menjadi aktual, potensial, resiko, dan kemungkinan.<br /><br /> Aktual, diagnosa keperawatan yang menggambarkan penilaian klinik yang harus divalidasi perawat karena adanya batasan karakteristik mayot.<br /> Potensial, diagnosa keperawatan yang menggambarkan kondisi klien ke arah yang lebih positif (kekuatan pasien).<br /> Resiko, diagnosa keperawatan yang menggambarkan kondisi klinis individu lebih rentan mengalami masalah.<br /> Kemungkinan, diagnosa keperawatan yang menggambarkan kondisi klinis individu yang memerlukan data tambahan sebagai faktor pendukung yang lebih akurat.<br /><br /> Perencanaan<br /><br />Pada tahap perencanaan ada 4 hal yang harus diperhatikan.<br /><br /> Menentukan prioritas masalah. Berbagai cara dalam menentukan masalah diantaranya sebagai berikut<br /> Berdasarkan Hierarki Maslow, yaitu fisiologis, keamanan/keselamatan, mencintai dan memiliki, harga diri, dan aktualisasi diri.<br /> Berdasarkan Driffith-Kenney Christensen dengan urutan: ancaman kehidupan dan kesehatan, sumber daya dan dana yang tersedia, peran serta klien, prinsip ilmiah dan praktik keperawatan.<br /> Menentukan tujuan<br /><br />Dalam menentukan tujuan, digambarkan kondisi yang diharapkan disertai jangka waktu.<br /><br /> Menentukan kriteria hasil<br /><br />Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam menentukan kriteria hasil adalah bersifat spesifik, realistik, dapat diukur, mempertimbangkan keadaan dan keinginan pasien.<br /><br /> Merumuskan intervensi dan aktivitas perawatan<br /><br />Salah satu rumusan intervensi yang sedang dikembangkan adalah penggunaan Nurssing Interventions Classification (NIC) dan Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC). Intervensi keperawatan dalam NIC dikelompokan dalam taksonomi yang meliputi tiga level, yaitu: level 1 tentang dominan, level 2 tentang kelas, dan level 3 tentang aktivitas tindakan keperawatan.<br /><br /> Implementasi<br /><br />Implementasi merupakan tindakan yang sudah direncanakan dalam rencana perawatan. Tindakan perawatan mencakup tindakan mandiri (independen) dan tindakan kolaborasi. Tindakan mandiri (independen) adalah aktivitas perawat yang didasarkan pada kesimpulan atau keputusan dan bukan merupakan petunjuk atau perintah dari petugas kesehatan lain. Tindakan kolaborasi adalah tindakan yang didasarkan hasil keputusan bersama, seperti dokter dan petugas kesehatan lain.<br /><br />Agar lebih jelas dan akurat dalam melakukan implementasi, diperlukan perencanaan keperawatan yang spesifik dan operasional. Bentuk implementasi keperawatan adalah sebagai berikut.<br /><br /> Bentuk perawatan; pengkajian utnuk mengidentifikasi masalah baru atau mempertahankan maslah yang ada.<br /> Pengajaran/pendidikan kesehatan pada pasien untuk membantu menambah pengetahuan tentang kesehatan.<br /> Konseling pasien untuk memutuskan kesehatan pasien.<br /> Konsultasi atau berdiskusi dengan tenaga kesehatan profesional lainnya sebagai bentuk perawatan holistik.<br /> Konsultasi pelaksanaan secara spesifik atau tindakan untuk memecahkan masalah kesehatan.<br /> Membantu pasien dalam melakukan aktivitas sendiri.<br /><br /> Evaluasi<br /><br />Evaluasi perkembangan kesehatan pasien dapat dilihat dari hasilnya. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui sejau mana tujuan perawatan dapat dicapai dan memberikan umpan balik terhadap asuhan keperaawatan yang diberikan. Langkah-langkah evaluasi adalah sebagai beikut.<br /><br /> Daftar tujuan-tujuan pasien.<br /> Lakukan pengkajian apakah pasien dapat melakukan sesuatu.<br /><br /> Bandingkan antara tujuan dengan kemampuan pasien.<br /><br /> Diskusikan dengan pasien apakah tujuan dapat tercapai atau tidak.<br /><br />Jika tujuan tidak tercapai, maka perlu dikaji ulang letak kesalahannya, dicari jalan keluarnya, kemudian catat apa yang ditemukan, serta apakah perlu dilakukan perubahan intervensi (Tarwono, 2010).<br /><br /> Dokumentasi<br /><br />Dokumentasi merupakan pernyataan tentang kejadian atau aktivitas yang otentik dengan membuat catatan tertulis. Dokumentasi keperawatan berisi hasil aktivitas keperawatan yang dilakukan perawat terhadap klien, mulai dari pengkajian hingga evaluasi.<br /><br />Dokumentasi keperawatan merupakan sarana komunikasi dari suatu profesi ke profesi lain terkait status klien. Sebagai alat komunikasi, tulisan dalam dokumentasi keperawatan harus jelas terbaca, tidak boleh memakai istilah atau singkatan-singkatan yang tidak lazim, juga berisi uraian yang jelas, dan sistematis.<br /><br />Dokumentasi keperawatan sewaktu-waktu dapat dijadikan barang bukti di pengadilan jika terjadi gugatan yang dilakukan oleh klien maupun keluarganya. Oleh karena itu, catatan yang terdapat dalam dokumentasi keperawatan harus jelas, lengkap, objektif, waktu harus ditulis dengan jelas (hari, tanggal, bulan, tahun, jam), ditandatangani oleh petugas kesehatan yang melakukan interaksi terapeutik dengan klien (dokter, perawat, atau petugas lainnya), serta hindari penulisan yang menimbulkan interpretasi yang salah (Asmadi, 2008).</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-31646553896095074652017-09-10T01:48:00.001-07:002017-09-10T01:48:53.166-07:00Pengaruh Senam Lansia terhadap Kesegaran Jasmani<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /><br />Senam lansia berpengaruh terhadap kesegaran jasmani lansia, dimana senam lansia dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kesegaran bagi para lansia khususnya untuk:<br /><br /> Jasmani : memperbaiki dan meningkatkan kondisi dan fungsi jantun<br /><br />dan peredaran darah, sistem pernafasan, sistem susunan syaraf, pencernaan makanan, kelenjar endokrin, kekuatan dan daya tahan otot, kelenturan otot dan sendi, keseimbangan dan koordinasi dan proses metabolisme.<br /><br />Rohani : memelihara kestabilan penguasan diri, mengurangi dan menghilangkan stress/ketegangan, mengurangi/menghilangkan faktor yang berkaitan dengan ketergantungan obat, melatih konsentrasi, meningkatkan kepekaan, memupuk rasa kebersamaan dan kekeluargaan.<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-19173551192436060932017-09-10T01:47:00.002-07:002017-09-10T01:47:19.636-07:00Teori Adaptasi Callista Roy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /> Teori Adaptasi Callista Roy<br /><br /> Roy menyatakan bahwa penerima jasa asuhan keperawatan adalah individu, keluarga, kelompok, komunitas, atau sosial. Masing-masing diperlukan oleh perawat sebagai sistem adaptasi yang holistik dan terbuka. Sistem terbuka tersebut berdampak terhadap perubahan yang konstan terhadap informasi, kejadian, dan energi atau sistem dan lingkungan. Interaksi konstan antara individu dan lingkungan dicirikan oleh perubahan internal dan eksternal. Dengan perubahan tersebut, individu harus mempertahankan integritas dirinya yaitu beradaptasi secara kontinu.<br /><br /> 1 Input<br /><br />Sistem adaptasi mempunyai input yang berasal dari internal individu. Roy mengidentifiikasi input sebagai suatu stimulus. Stimulus merupakan suatu unit informasi, kejadian, atau energi yang berasal dari lingkungan. Sejalan dengan adanya stimulus, tingkat adaptasi individu direspons sebagai suatu input dalam sistem adaptasi. Tingkat adaptasi tersebut bergantung dari stimulus yang didapat berdasarkan kemampuan individu. Tingkat respons antara individu sangat unik dan bervariasi bergantung pada pengalaman yang didapatkan sebelumnya, status kesehatan individu, dan stresor yang diberikan.<br /><br /> 2 Proses<br /><br />Roy menggunakan istilah mekanisme koping untuk menjelaskan proses dari individu sebagai suatu sistem adaptasi. Beberapa mekanisme koping dipengaruhi oleh faktor kemampuan genetik, misalnya sel-sel darah putih saat melawan bakteri masuk dalam tubuh. Mekanisme lainnya adalah dengan cara dipelajari. Roy menekankan ilmu keperawatan yang unik untuk mengontrol mekanisme koping. Mekanisme tersebut dinamakan regulator dan kognator.<br /><br />Susbsistem regulator mempunyai komponen input, proses internal, dan output. Stimulus input berasal dari dalam atau luar individu. Perantara sistem regulator berupa kimiawi, saraf, atau endokrin.<br /><br />Stimulus terhadap subsistem kognator juga berasal dari faktor internal dan eksternal. Perilaku output subsistem kognator dapat menjadi umpan balik terhadap stimulus susbsistem kognator. Proses kontrol kognator berhubungan dengan fungsi otak yang tinggi terhadap persepsi atau proses informasi, pengambilan keputusan, dan emosi.<br /><br />3 Efektor<br /><br />Sistem adaptasi proses internal yang terjadi pada individu didefinisikan Roy sebagai sistem efektor. Empat efektor atau model adaptasi tersebut meliputi (1) fisiologis; (2) konsep diri; (3) fungsi peran; (4) ketergantungan (interdependen).<br /><br />4 Fisiologi<br /><br />manusia sebagai makhluk biologi. Kebutuhan fisiologi merupakan kebutuhan yang sangat primer dan mutlak harus dipenuhi untuk memelihara homeostatis biologis dan kelangsungan hidup bagi satiap manusia. Kebutuhan ini dapat mengakibatkan sakit bahkan sampai mati jika tidak terpenuhi. Oleh sebab itu kebutuhan fisiologis berada pada urutan pertama menurut teori keperawatan Callista Roy. Kebutuhan fisiologi bersifat faali yaitu anatomi kebutuhan tubuh manusia untuk mempertahankan hidup. Kebutuhan fisiologis merupakan kebutuhan yang sangat mutlak yang harus dipenuhi untuk kalangsungan hidupnya. Perawat dituntu untuk mampu memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis pasien pada saat memberikan asuhan keperawatan meliputi kebutuhan oksigen, nutrisi, cairan, elektrolit, eliminasi, aktivitas dan istirahat, integritas kulit, dan reaksi fisiologis.<br /><br />Efektor secara fisiologis dapat dilihat dari beberapa hal berikut :<br /></div>
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<li> Oksigenasi : menggambarkan pola penggunaan oksigen yang berhubungan dengan respirasi dan sirkulasi.</li>
<li> Nutrisi : menggambarkan pola penggunaan nutrisi untuk memperbaiki kondisi dan perkembangan tubuh klien.</li>
<li> Eliminasi : menggambarkan pola eliminasi.</li>
<li> Aktifitas dan istirahat : menggambarkan pola aktifitas, latihan, istirahat, dan tidur.</li>
<li> Integritas kulit : menggambarkan fungsi fisiologis kulit.</li>
<li> Rasa : menggambarkan fungsi sensori perseptual yang berhubungan dengan panca indra :penglihatan, penciuman, perabaan, pengecapan, dan pendengaran.</li>
<li> Cairan dan elektrolit : menggambarkan pola fisiologis penggunaan cairan dan elektrolit.</li>
<li> Fungsi neurologis : menggambarkan pola kontrol neurologis, pengaturan, dan intelektual.</li>
<li> Fungsi endokrin : menggambarkan pola kontrol dan pengaturan termasuk respons stres dan sistem reproduksi.</li>
<li> Konsep Diri (Psikis)</li>
</ul>
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<br />Model adaptasi konsep diri berhubungan dengan psikososial dengan penekanan spesifik pada aspek kebutuhan psikososial dan spiritual manusia. Manusia sebagai makhluk bio-psiko-sosio-kultural dan spiritual yang berespons secara holistik dan unik terhadap perubahan kesehatan. Asuhan keperawatan yang diberikan oleh perawat tidak bisa lepas dari aspek spiritual yang merupakan bagian integral dari interaksi perawat dengan pasien. Perawat berupaya untuk memantu memenuhi kebutuhan spiritual pasien sebagai bagian dari kebutuhan menyeluruh pasien, antara lain dengan memfasilitasi pemenuhan kebutuhan spiritual tersebut, walaupun perawat dan pasien tidak mempunyai keyakinan spiritual atau keagamaan yang sama. Perawat memahami bahwa aspek spiritual merupakan bagian dari pelayanan yang komprehensif. Karena selama dalam perawatan, respon spiritual mungkin akan muncul pada pasien. Pasien yang sedang dirawat di rumah sakit membutuhkan asuhan keperawatan yang holistik, dimana perawat dituntut untuk mampu memberikan asuhan keperawatan secara komprehensif bukan hanya pada masalah fisik namun juga masalah spiritualnya. Mendampingi, membantu, dan memotivasi pasien berdoa sangat berpengaruh pada keadaan spiritualitas pasien. Spiritualitas memberikan individu energy yang dibutuhkan untuk untuk menemukan diri mereka, untuk beradaptasi dengan situasi yang sulit dan untuk memelihara kesehatan.<br /><br />Manusia adalah makhluk psikososial yang unik dan menerapkan sistem terbuka serta saling berinteraksi, apabila individu mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya maka dikatakan sehat dan seseorang dikatakan sakit bila tidak mampu mempertahankan keseimbangan diri dan lingkungannya. Sebagai makhluk sosial untuk mencapai kepuasan dalam kehidupan, manusia harus membina hubungan interpersonal positif. Didalam dunia keperawatan, hubungan antara perawat dengan pasien harus didasari oleh rasa saling percaya untuk membina hubungan interpersonal yang baik, pada saat pertama kali melakukan komunikasi diharapkan perawat dapat memberikan kesan yang positif seperti malakukan orientasi pada pasien baru.<br /><br />Konsep diri mengidentifikasi pola nilai, kepercayaan, dan emosi yang berhubungan dengan ide diri sendiri. Perhatian ditujukan pada kenyataan keadaan diri sendiri tentang fisik, individual, dan moral-etik. Masalah gangguan adaptasi secara konsep diri dapat dilihat dari beberapa hal berikut:<br /><br /> Penurunan konsep seksual</div>
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<li> Tidak berdaya</li>
<li> Merasa bersalah</li>
<li> Harga diri rendah</li>
<li> Agresi</li>
<li> Fungsi Peran (Sosial)</li>
</ol>
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<br />Mode fungsi peran mengenal pola-pola interaksi sosial seseorang dalam hubungannya dengan orang lain, yang dicerminkan dalam bagaimana seseorang dapat memerankan dirinya dimasyarakat sesuai kedudukannya. Manusia adalah makhluk sosial atau makhluk bermasyarakat, dalam hubungannya dengan manusia sebagai makhluk sosial manusia selalu hidup bersama dengan manusia lainnya. Manusia dikatakan sebagai makhluk sosial, karena pada diri manusia ada dorongan dan kebutuhan untuk berinteraksi (berhubungan) dengan orang lain. Tanpa bantuan manusia lainnya, manusia tidak mungkin bisa berjalan dengan tegak. Dengan bantuan orang lain, manusia bisa menggunakan tangan, bisa berkomunikasi atau bicara, dan bisa mengembangkan seluruh potensi kemanusiaannya. Seorang perawat dituntut untuk bisa melibatkan pasien dalam setiap kegiatan yang menyangkut diri pasien, melakukan komunikasi yang aktif pada pasien dan menjalin interaksi positif antara perawat dengan pasien.<br /><br />Fungsi peran mengidentifikasi tentang pola interaksi sosial seseorang yang berhubungan dengan orang lain akibat dari peran ganda yang dijalankannya. Masalah gangguan adaptasi secara fungsi peran dapat dilihat dari beberapa hal berikut :<br /></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li> Transisi peran</li>
<li> Konflik peran</li>
<li> Kegagalan peran</li>
<li> Interdependen</li>
</ol>
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<br />Mode adaptasi interdependensi adalah interaksi untuk saling memberi dan menerima cinta dan kasih sayang, perhatian dan saling menghargai. Interdependensi yaitu keseimbangan antara ketergantungan dan kemandirian dalam menerima sesuatu untuk dirinya. Ketergantungan ditunjukkan dengan kemampuan untuk afiliasi dengan orang lain. Kemandirian ditunjukkan oleh kemampuan berinisiatif untuk melakukan tindakan bagi dirinya. Interdependensi dapat dilihat dari 2 keseimbangan antara 2 nilai ekstrim yaitu memberi dan menerima. Pasien sebagai individu yang menerima kasih dan perhatian dari perawat dalam bentuk asuhan keperawatan, perawat dituntut mampu membantu pasien untuk meminimalkan ketergantungan dalam memenuhi kabutuhan dasarnya, memandirikan pasien, seperti memenuhi kabutuhan kebersihan diri pasien, memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi, eliminasi, dan mempethatankan body image pasien.<br /><br />Interdependen mengidentifikasi pola nilai-niai manusia, kehangatan, cinta, dan memiliki. Proses tersebut terjadi melalui hubungan interpersonal terhadap individu maupun kelompok. Masalah gangguan adaptasi secara interdependen dapat dilihat dari beberapa hal berikut :<br /></div>
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<li> Rasa cemas</li>
<li> Berpisah</li>
<li> Merasa ditinggalkan</li>
<li> Output</li>
</ol>
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<br />Perilaku seseorang berhubungan dengan metode adaptasi. Koping yang tidak efektif berdampak respons sakit (maladaptif). Jika klien masuk pada zona maladaptif maka klien mempunyai masalah keperawatan (adaptasi).</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-13888802415758494162017-09-10T01:45:00.001-07:002017-09-10T01:45:13.123-07:00Konsep Kepala Ruangan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /><br /> Pengertian Kepala Ruangan<br /><br />Kepala ruangan adalah manajer tingkat pemula yang fokus utama kegiatannya berada di unit kerja. Kepala ruangan, dalam melakukan kegiatannya dibantu oleh orang-orang yang bekerja di tingkat manajer pemula antara lain wakil kepala ruangan dan ketua tim serta perawat pelaksana. Depkes (2000) dalam Kurniadi (2013) mendefinisikan kepala ruangan adalah seorang tenaga keperawatan yang diberi tanggung jawab dan wewenang dalam mengatur dan mengendalikan kegiatan pelayanan keperawatan di ruang rawat. Sedangkan Kurniadi (2013) mendefinisikan kepala ruangann atau seorang perawat manajer pemula adalah seorang perawat yang bertugas sebagai kepala di unit pelayanan perawatan terdepan yang langsung berhadapan dengan pasien, dimana dalam melaksanakan tugasnya menggunakan gaya kepemimpinan dalam menerapkan fungsi-fungsi manajemen keperawatan agar menghasilkan mutu pelayanan keperawatan yang tinggi.<br /><br /> Tugas dan Tanggung Jawab Kepala Ruangan<br /><br />Burgess dalam Kurniadi (2013) menjabarkan tanggung jawab kepala ruangan sebagai berikut:<br /><br /> Ketenagaan, yaitu mengidentifikasi dan mengusulkan jumlah kebutuhan tenaga keperawatan dan nonkeperawatan di unitnya kepada atasan dan memberdayakan tenaga yang sudah ada.<br /> Manajemen operasional, yaitu melaksanakan tugas dan tanggung jawab sebagai manajer pemula dalam berhubungan dengan atasan dan bawahan guna mendukung tugas pokoknya.<br /> Manajemen kualitas pelayanan, yaitu melaksanakan asuhan keperawatan profesional berdasarkan kaidah ilmiah dan etika profesi agar bisa dirasakan langsung oleh pasien, keluarga dan masyarakat serta manjamin mutu pelayanan keperawatan yang memuaskan semua pihak.<br /> Manajemen finansial, yaitu melaksanakan tugas perhitungan keuaangan dan logistik keperawatan (pengadaan dan pemanfaatan alat kesehatan dan material kesehatan).<br /><br />Depkes RI (2000) dalam Kurniadi (2013) menyatakan bahwa seorang kepala ruangan memiliki tanggung jawab sebagai berikut:<br /><br /> Merencanakan kebutuhan tenaga perawat.<br /> Mengembangkan pelayanan keperawatan.<br /> Melaksanakan penilaian kinerja perawat.<br /> Memberikan orientasi kepada perawat baru.<br /> Melaksanakan SAK (Standar Asuhan Keperawatan) dan SOP (Standard Operational Procedur) yang ditetapkan pimpinan bidang keperawatan.<br /> Melaksanakan pembimbingan mahasiswa keperawatan.<br /> Memberikan laporan berkala tentang pelayanan keperawatan.<br /><br />Adapun tugas kepala ruangan dalam menerapkan fungsi-fungsi manajemen keperawatan (Kurniadi, 2013) yaitu:<br /><br /> Fungsi perencanaan yaitu tentang rencana kerja, menyusun falsafah dan tujuan ruang rawatnya dan merencanakan tenaga keperawatan.<br /> Fungsi penggerakkan yaitu koordinasi tugas dengan perawat atau petugas kesehatan lain, membuat jadwal dinas, melakukan orientasi tenaga baru atau mahasiswa atau pasien beserta keluarganya, membimbing pelaksanaan asuhan keperawatan, memberi kesempatan perawat mengikuti pendidikan atau latihan, memelihara dan menggunakan alat kesehatan yang optimal, melakukan rapat rutin, membuat pencatatan dan pelaporan yang telah ditetapkan, mengikuti visite dokter dan memberikan pendidikan kesehatan.<br /><br />Fungsi pengawasan/pengendalian dan penilaian meliputi mengendalikan dan menilai asuhan keperawatan, mengawasi dan menilai mahasiswa praktik keperawatan, melakukan penilaian kinerja perawat, mengawasi dan mengendalikan pendayagunaan alat kesehatan dan tenaga keperawatan, mengawasi dan menilai mutu asuhan keperawatan<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-34250731945965938852017-09-10T01:44:00.002-07:002017-09-10T01:44:16.816-07:00Kinerja Perawat dalam Pendokumentasian Asuhan Keperawatan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /><br />1 Kinerja Perawat dalam Pendokumentasian Asuhan Keperawatan<br /><br />Simamora (2012) mendefinisikan kinerja (prestasi kerja) sebagai hasil kerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas yang dicapai oleh seorang pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai dengan tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya.<br /><br />Ada 3 faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kinerja (Kurniadi, 2013) yaitu:<br /><br /> Faktor individu : kemampuan dan keterampilan (mental dan fisik), latar belakang (keluarga, tingkat sosial dan pengalaman), demografis (umur dan etnis).<br /> Faktor psikologis: persepsi, sikap, kepribadian, belajar dan motivasi.<br /> Faktor organisasi: sumber daya, kepemimpinan, imbalan, supervisi, struktur dan desain pekerjaan.<br /><br />Untuk menilai kinerja perawat dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan di Rumah Sakit Suaka Insan Banjarmasin, peneliti menggunakan SOP penilaian dokumentasi asuhan keperawatan yang dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut:<br /><br /> Pengkajian Keperawatan<br /><br />Aspek yang yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan pada tahap pengkajian adalah:<br /><br /> Data dikaji dan diisi pada semua kolom dalam lembar pengkajian dengan lengkap.<br /> Data dikaji sejak pasien masuk sampai pasien pulang.<br /> Masalah dirumuskan berdasarkan kesenjangan antara status kesehatan dengan norma dan pola fungsi kehidupan.<br /><br /> Diagnosa Keperawatan<br /><br />Aspek yang yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan pada tahap perumusan diagnosa keperawatan adalah:<br /><br /> Diagnosa keperawatan yang diambil berdasarkan masalah pasien.<br /> Diagnosa keperawatan yang diambil berupa diagnosa aktual dan potensial.<br /><br /> Perencanaan Keperawatan<br /><br />Aspek yang yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan pada tahap perencanaan adalah:<br /><br /> Perawat mencheck-list daftar perencanaan keperawatan sesuai dengan masalah yang dialami pasien.<br /> Rumusan tujuan mengandung komponen pasien/subjek, perubahan, perilaku, kondisi pasien dan kriteria waktu.<br /> Rencana tindakan yang dicheck-list mengacu pada tujuan/kriteria hasil.<br /> Rencana tindakan yang dicheck-list menggambarkan keterlibatan pasien/keluarga.<br /> Rencana tindakan yang dicheck-list menggambarkan kerja sama dengan tim kesehatan lain.<br /><br /> Tindakan Keperawatan<br /><br />Aspek yang yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan pada tahap tindakan keperawatan adalah:<br /><br /> Tindakan dilaksanakan mengacu pada rencana perawatan.<br /> Perawat mengobservasi respon pasien terhadap tindakan keperawatan.<br /> Revisi tindakan berdasarkan hasil evaluasi.<br /> Semua tindakan yang telah dilaksanakan dicatat ringkas dan jelas.<br /><br /> Evaluasi<br /><br />Aspek yang yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan pada tahap evaluasi adalah:<br /><br /> Evaluasi mengacu pada tujuan.<br /> Hasil evaluasi dicatat di lembar evaluasi yang telah disediakan.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Catatan Perkembangan<br /><br />Aspek yang yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan pada catatan perkembangan adalah:<br /><br /> Mendokumentasikan perkembangan status pasien pada tiap pergantian shift.<br /><br />Catatan dengan menggunakan format dan istilah-istilah yang baku.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-70580003168088643772017-09-10T01:42:00.005-07:002017-09-10T01:42:41.587-07:00Kehamilan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /><br /> Pengertian Kehamilan<br /><br />Kehamilan adalah suatu keadaan dimana janin dikandung di dalam tubuh wanita, yang sebelumnya diawali dengan proses pembuahan dan kemudian akan diakhiri dengan proses persalinan. Kehamilan merupakan suatu keadaan fisiologis, akan tetapi pentingnya diagnosis kehamilan tidak dapat diabaikan.<br /><br />Kehamilan adalah suatu proses yang dimulai dari konsepsi sampai lahirnya janin. Lamanya hamil normal adalah 280 hari (40 minggu atau 9 bulan 7 hari) dihitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir. Kehamilan dibagi dalam triwulan yaitu :<br /><br /> Triwulan pertama dimulai dari konsepsi sampai 3 bulan<br /> Triwulan kedua dari bulan keempat sampai 6 bulan<br /> Triwulan ketiga dari bulan ketujuh sampai 9 bulan<br /> Tanda–Tanda Kehamilan<br /><br />Ada banyak tanda-tanda umum kehamilan. Berikut tanda-tanda kehamilan (Maulana, 2008):<br /><br /> Terlambat haid atau tidak haid (menstruasi)<br /><br />Umumnya, berhentinya haid dianggap sebagai tanda awal kehamilan. Hal ini terjadi karena setelah telur dan sperma pada dinding rahim, pembuluh darah didinding rahim yang setiap bulannya runtuh jadi tertahan hingga janin dilahirkan.<br /><br /> Mual dan muntah<br /><br />Tanda-tanda ini dikenal dengan morning sickness dan dialami oleh sekitar 50% ibu hamil. Mual dan muntah ini timbul karena terjadinya perubahan berbagai hormon dalam tubuh pada awal kehamilan.<br /><br /> Sering buang air kecil<br /><br />Kebiasaan ini muncul pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan, ini terjadi karena rahim yang mulai membesar menekan kandung kemih.<br /><br /> Susah buang air besar<br /><br />Hormon progesteron membuat kerja usus agak mengendur. Akibatnya sisa kotoran jadi susah keluar.<br /><br /> Membesarnya payudara<br /><br />Meningkatnya hormon kehamilan yakni estrogen dan progesteron mempengaruhi kelenjar susu. Puting susu dan aerola juga akan berwarna gelap.<br /><br /> Melunaknya rahim dan leher rahim<br /><br />Biasanya, terjadi sekitar usia kehamilan 2-8 minggu<br /><br /> Rahim dan perut membesar<br /><br />Umumya, dimulai pada kehamilan 8-12 minggu.<br /><br />Pada kehamilan terdapat perubahan pada seluruh tubuh wanita, khususnya pada alat genetalia eksterna dan interna, dan pada payudara. Menurut Sarwono Prawirahardjo, perubahan yang terdapat pada wanita hamil adalah :<br /><br /> Uterus, akan membesar pada bulan-bulan pertama dibawah pengaruh estrogen dan progesteron yang kadarnya meningkat.<br /> Serviks Uteri. Serviks uteri pada kehamilan juga mengalami perubahan karena hormon estrogen.<br /> Vagina dan Vagina dan vulva akibat estrogen mengalami perubahan pula, adanya hipervaskularisasi mengakibatkan vagina dan vulva tampak lebih merah, dan agak kebiru-biruan.<br /> Pada permulaan kehamilan masih terdapat korpus luteum gravicitatis sampai terbentuknya plasenta pada kira-kira 16 minggu.<br /> Mamma akan membesar dan tegang akibat hormon somatomammotropin, estrogen, dan progesteron, akan tetapi belum mengeluarkan air susu. Pada kehamilan 12 minggu keatas dari puting susu dapat keluar cairan putih berwarna jernih, disebut kolostrum. Sedangkan kalau sudah partus kolostrum akan berubah warnanya agak kuning.<br /> Sirkulasi Darah. Sirkulasi darah ibu dalam kehamilan dipengaruhi oleh adanya sirkulasi ke plasenta, uterus yang membesar dengan pembuluh-pembuluh darah yang membesar pula, mamma dan alat lain yang memang berfungsi berlebihan dalam kehamilan.<br /> Sistem Respirasi. Seorang wanita hamil pada kehamilannya tidak jarang mengeluh tentang rasa sesak dan pendek napas. Hal ini ditemukan pada kehamilan 32 minggu keatas dikarenakan usus-usus tertekan oleh uterus yang membesar kearah diafragma, sehingga diafragma kurang leluasa bergerak.<br /> Traktus Digestivus. Pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan terdapat perasaan enak (nausea), akibat dari kadar hormon estrogen yang meningkat.<br /> Traktus Urinarius. Pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan kandung kencing tertekan oleh uterus yang mulai membesar, sehingga sering timbul kencing.<br /> Pada kulit terdapat deposit pigmen dan hiperpigmentasi disebabkan oleh pengaruh melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) yang meningkat.<br /><br />Metabolisme dalam Kehamilan. Pada wanita hamil basal metabolik rate (BMR) meninggi, sistem endokrin juga meninggi, dan tampak lebih jelas kelenjar gondoknya. BMR akan meningkat hingga 15-20% yang umumnya ditemukan pada triwulan terakhir<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-68252294265211658662017-09-10T01:39:00.002-07:002017-09-10T01:39:29.744-07:00Materi Kuliah Keperawatan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">DOWNLOAD / Unduh materi perkuliahan dalam format PPT dan Docx (power point dan office word)</span></h1>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-36224782372338355802017-09-10T01:35:00.004-07:002017-09-10T01:35:55.735-07:00Makalah Tugas dan Fungsi Perawat<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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BAB I<br /><br />PENDAHULUAN<br /><br /> Latar Belakang<br /><br />Saat ini dunia <a href="https://nurseammar.blogspot.com/2017/09/makalah-tugas-dan-fungsi-perawat.html" target="_blank">keperawatan</a> semakin berkembang. <a href="https://nurseammar.blogspot.com/2017/09/makalah-tugas-dan-fungsi-perawat.html" target="_blank">Perawat</a> dianggap sebagai salah satu profesi kesehatan yang harus dilibatkan dalam pencapaian tujuan pembangunan kesehatan baik di dunia maupun di Indonesia.<br /><br />Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu dan bertambahnya kebutuhan pelayanan kesehatan menuntut perawat saat ini memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan di berbagai bidang. Saat ini perawat memiliki peran yang lebih luas dengan penekanan pada peningkatan kesehatan dan pencegahan penyakit, juga memandang klien secara komprehensif. Perawat menjalankan fungsi dalam kaitannya dengan berbagai peran pemberi perawatan, pembuat keputusan klinik dan etika, pelindung dan advokat bagi klien, manajer kasus, rehabilitator, komunikator dan pendidik.<br /><br />1.1 Peran Perawat<br /><br />Menurut konsorsium ilmu kesehatan tahun 1989 peran perawat terdiri dari :<br />a. Sebagai pemberi asuhan keperawatan<br /><br />Peran ini dapat dilakukan perawat dengan memperhatikan keadaan kebutuhan dasar manusia yang dibutuhkan melalui pemberian pelayanan keperawatan. Pemberian asuhan keperawatan ini dilakukan dari yang sederhana sampai dengan kompleks.<br />b. Sebagai advokat klien<br /><br />Peran ini dilakukan<a href="https://nurseammar.blogspot.com/2017/09/makalah-tugas-dan-fungsi-perawat.html" target="_blank"> perawat</a> dalam membantu klien & kelg dalam menginterpretasikan berbagai informasi dari pemberi pelayanan khususnya dalam pengambilan persetujuan atas tindakan keperawatan. Perawat juga berperan dalam mempertahankan & melindungi hak-hak pasien meliputi :<br /><br /> Hak atas pelayanan sebaik-baiknya<br /> Hak atas informasi tentang penyakitnya<br /> Hak atas privacy<br /> Hak untuk menentukan nasibnya sendiri<br /> Hak menerima ganti rugi akibat kelalaian.<br /><br /> Sebagai educator<br /><br />Peran ini dilakukan dengan membantu klien dalam meningkatkan tingkat pengetahuan kesehatan, gejala penyakit bahkan tindakan yang diberikan sehingga terjadi perubahan perilaku dari klien setelah dilakukan pendidikan kesehatan.<br /><br /> Sebagai coordinator<br /><br />Peran ini dilaksanakan dengan mengarahkan, merencanakan serta mengorganisasi pelayanan kesehatan dari tim kesehatan sehingga pemberi pelayanan kesehatan dapat terarah serta sesuai dengan kebutuhan klien.<br /><br /> Sebagai kolaborator<br /><br />Peran ini dilakukan karena perawat bekerja melalui tim kesehatan yang terdiri dari dokter, fisioterapi, ahli gizi dll dengan berupaya mengidentifikasi pelayanan keperawatan yang diperlukan.<br /><br /> Sebagai konsultan<br /><br />Perawat berperan sebagai tempat konsultasi dengan mengadakan perencanaan, kerjasama, perubahan yang sistematis & terarah sesuai dengan metode pemberian pelayanan keperawatan<br /><br /> Sebagai pembaharu<br /><br /><a href="https://nurseammar.blogspot.com/2017/09/makalah-tugas-dan-fungsi-perawat.html" target="_blank">Perawat</a> mengadakan perencanaan, kerjasama, perubahan yang sistematis & terarah sesuai dengan metode pemberian pelayanan keperawatan<br />1.2 Fungsi Perawat<br /><br /> Fungsi Independen<br /><br />Merupakan fungsi mandiri & tidak tergantung pada orang lain, dimana perawat dalam melaksanakan tugasnya dilakukan secara sendiri dengan keputusan sendiri dalam melakukan tindakan untuk memenuhi KDM.<br /><br /> Fungsi Dependen<br /><br />Merupakan fungsi perawat dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya atas pesan atau instruksi dari perawat lain sebagai tindakan pelimpahan tugas yang diberikan. Biasanya dilakukan oleh perawat spesialis kepada perawat umum, atau dari <a href="https://nurseammar.blogspot.com/2017/09/makalah-tugas-dan-fungsi-perawat.html" target="_blank">perawat </a>primer ke perawat pelaksana.<br /><br /> Fungsi Interdependen<br /><br />Fungsi ini dilakukan dalam kelompok tim yang bersifat saling ketergantungan diantara tim satu dengan yang lainnya. Fungsi ini dapat terjadi apabila bentuk pelayanan membutuhkan kerjasama tim dalam pemebrian pelayanan. Keadaan ini tidak dapat diatasi dengan tim perawat saja melainkan juga dari dokter ataupun lainnya.<br /><br />Keperawatan adalah bentuk pelayanan profesional yang merupakan bagian integral dari pelayanan kesehatan didasarkan pada ilmu dan kiat keperawatan, berbentuk pelayanan bio-psiko – sosial dan spiritual yang komprehensif, ditujukan kepada individu, kelompok dan masyarakat baik sehat maupun sakit yang mencakup seluruh daur kehidupan manusia.<br />Keperawatan merupakan ilmu terapan yang menggunakan keterampilan intelektual, keterampilan teknikal dan keterampilan interpersonal serta menggunakan proses keperawatan dalam membantu klien untuk mencapai tingkat kesehatan optimal.<br /><br /> Rumusan Masalah<br /><br />1.1 Apakah Tugas dan fungsi serta Tanggungjawab Perawat UGD<br /><br />1.2 Apakah Tugas dan fungsi serta tanggungjawab Perawat Kamar Operasi<br /><br />1.3 Apakah Tugas dan fungsi serta tanggungjawab Perawat Anastesi<br /><br />1.4 Apakah Tugas dan fungsi serta tanggungjawab Perawat ICU<br /><br /> Tujuan Makalah<br /><br />1.1 Untuk mengetahui/menjelaskan Tugas dan fungsi serta tanggungjawab Perawat<br /><br />UGD<br /><br />1.2 Untuk mengetahui/menjelaskan Tugas dan fungsi serta tanggungjawab Perawat<br /><br />Kamar Operasi<br /><br />1.3 Untuk mengetahui/menjelaskan Tugas dan fungsi serta tanggungjawab Perawat<br /><br />Anastesi<br /><br />1.4 Untuk mengetahui/menjelaskan Tugas dan fungsi serta tanggungjawab Perawat<br /><br />ICU<br /><br /><br /><br />BAB II<br /><br />PEMBAHASAN<br /><br /> Perawat UGD<br /><br /> 1.1 Tugas Utama<br /><br /> Menerima datangnya pasien<br /> Mencatat identitas dan keluhan-keluhan dari pasien / keluarga<br /> Melakukan analisis penyakit atau keluhan pasien<br /> Memberi tindakan perawatan gawat darurat awal yang tepat<br /> Mengevaluasi tindakan perawatan yang telah diberikan.<br /> Membuat catatan asuhan keperawatan segera setelah tindakan keperawatan diberikan<br /> Merujuk pasien untuk melakukan perawatan inap atau ke spesialis tertentu.<br /><br /> 1.2 Tugas Tambahan<br /><br /> Membantu Bidan dalam persalinan ibu hamil bila keadaan darurat<br /> Membantu tugas perawat lain bila ada perawat yang tidak masuk<br /><br /> 1.3 Tugas Insidental<br /><br /> Menjadi relawan sebagai perawat umum pada situasi tanggap darurat di lokasi bencana alam, kebakaran, dan kecelakaan<br /><br /> 1.4 Wewenang<br /><br /> Memperoleh data yang lengkap tentang identitas dan keluhan pasien<br /> Mencatat identitas dan keluhan pasien secara lengkap<br /> Memberikan tindakan perawatan yang tepat sesuai kemampuan, pengetahuan dan<br /><br />keterampilan yang dimiliki serta standar asuhan keperawatan.<br /><br /> Bekerja secara tim dalam memberikan tindakan keperawatan<br /> Melimpahkan tugas bila meninggalkan tempat kerja atau ada pergantian shift<br /><br />kerja<br /><br /> Memberikan rujukan kepada pasien untuk rawat inap atau ke spesialis tertentu.<br /><br /> 1.5 Tanggung Jawab<br /><br /> Menjunjung tinggi harkat dan martabat, keunikan, dan tidak terpengaruh oleh<br /><br />pertimbangan kebangsaan, kesukuan, warna kulit, umur, jenis kelamin, aliran<br /><br />politik dan agama yang dianut serta kedudukan sosial dari pasien.<br /><br /> Bertanggungjawab kepada pasien yang membutuhkan tindakan keperawatan baik<br /><br />darurat maupun tidak di UGD.<br /><br /> Wajib merahasiakan segala sesuatu yang diketahui sehubungan dengan tugas yang<br /><br />dipercayakan kepadanya kecuali jika diperlukan oleh yang berwenang sesuai<br /><br />dengan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku.<br /><br /> Memelihara mutu pelayanan keperawatan yang tinggi disertai kejujuran profesional<br /><br />dalam menerapkan pengetahuan serta keterampilan keperawatan sesuai dengan<br /><br />kebutuhan klien.<br /><br /> Membuat keputusan berdasarkan pada informasi yang adequat dan<br /><br />mempertimbangkan kemampuan serta kualifikasi seseorang bila melakukan<br /><br />konsultasi, menerima delegasi dan memberikan delegasi kepada orang lain.<br /><br /> Menjunjung tinggi nama baik profesi keperawatan dengan selalu menunjukan<br /><br />perilaku profesional.<br /><br />1.6 Fungsi Jabatan<br /><br /> Memenuhi kebutuhan dasar manusia seperti pemenuhan kebutuhan fisiologis<br /><br />(pemenuhan kebutuhan oksigenasi, cairan dan elektrolit, nutrisi, kebutuhan aktivitas,<br /><br />dan lain-lain) dan pemenuhan kebutuhan keamanan dan kenyamanan di UGD.<br /><br /> Melaksanakan kegiatannya atas pesan atau instruksi dari perawat lain sebagai<br /><br />tindakan pelimpahan tugas yang diberikan.<br /><br /> Bekerja sama secara tim dalam memberikan pelayanan keperawatan di UGD.<br /> Perawat Kamar Operasi<br /><br />Peran perawat di kamar operasi berdasarkan fungsi dan tugasnya terbagi 3 yaitu :<br /><br /> Perawat administrative<br /> Perawat pada pembedahan<br /> Perawat pada anestesi<br /><br />Pada parktiknya, peran perawat perioperatif dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor :<br /><br /> Lama pengalaman<br /><br />Lamanya pengalaman bertugas dikamar operasi, terutama pada kamar pembedahan khusus, seperti sebagai perawat instrumen di kamar bedah saraf, onkologi, ginekologi, dan lain lain akan memberikan dampak yang besar terhadap peran perawat dalam menentukan hasil pembedahan.<br /><br /> Kekuatan dan ketahanan fisik<br /><br />Beberapa jenis pembedahan, seperti bedah saraf, toraks, kardiovaskular, atau spina memerlukan waktu operasi yang panjang. Pada kondisi tersebut, perawat instrumen harus berdiri dalam waktu lama dan dibutuhkan tingkat konsentrasi yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, agar mengikuti jalannya pembedahan secara optimal, dibutuhkan kekuatan dan ketahanan fisik yang baik.<br /><br /> Keterampilan<br /><br />Keterampilan terdiri atas keterampilan psikomotor, manual, dan interpersonal yang kuat. Agar dapat mengikuti setiap jenis pembedahan yang berbeda-beda, perawat instrumen diharapkan mampu untuk mengintegrasikan antara keterampilan yang dimiliki dengan keinginan dari operator bedah pada setiap tindakan yang dilakukan dokter bedah dan asisten bedah. Hal ini akan memberikan tantangan tersendiri pada perawat untuk mengembangkan keterampilan psikomotor mereka agar bisa mengikuti jalannya pembedahan.<br /><br /> Sikap professional<br /><br />Pada kondisi pembedahan dengan tingkat kerumitan yang tinggi, timbul kemungkinan perawat melakukan kesalahan saat menjalankan perannya. Perawat harus bersikap professional, dan mau menerima teguran. Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh salah satu peran akan berdampak pada keseluruhan proses dan hasilpempedahan.<br /><br /> Pengetahuan<br /><br />Yaitu pengetahuan tentang prosedur tetap yang digunakan institusi. Perawat menyesuaikan peran yang akan dijalankan dengan kebijakan dimana perawat tersebut bekerja. Pengetahuan yang optimal tentang prosedur tetap yang berlaku akan memberikan arah pada peran yang dilaksanakan.<br /><br /> Perawat Anestesi<br /><br />Perawat anestesi adalah perawat dengan pendidikan perawat khusus anestesi. Peran utama sebagai perawat anestesi pada tahap praoperatif adalah memastikan identitas pasien yang akan dibius dan melakukan medikasi praanestesi. Kemudian pada tahap intraoperatif bertanggung jawab terhadap manajemen pasien, instrumen dan obat bius membantu dokter anestesi dalm proses pembiusan sampai pasien sadar penuh setelah operasi.<br /><br />Pada pelaksanaannnya saat ini, perawat anestesi berperan pada hampir seluruh pembiusan umum. Perawat anestesi dapat melakukan tindakan prainduksi, pembiusan umum, dan sampai pasien sadar penuh diruang pemulihan.<br /><br />Peran dan tanggung jawab perawat anestesi secara spesifik antara lain :<br /><br />1) Menerima pasien dan memastikan bahwa semua pemeriksaan telah dilaksanakan sesuai<br /><br />peraturan institusi<br /><br />2) Melakukan pendekatan holistik dan menjelaskan perihal tindakan prainduksi<br /><br />3) Manajemen sirkulasi dan suplai alat serta obat anestesi<br /><br />4) Pengaturan alat-alat pembiusan yang telah digunakan.<br /><br />5) Memeriksa semua peralatan anestesi (mesin anestesi, monitor dan lainnya) sebelum memulai proses operasi.<br /><br />6) Mempersiapkan jalur intravena dan arteri, menyiapkan pasokan obat anestesi, spuit, dan jarum yang akan digunakan; dan secara umum bertugas sebagai tangan kanan ahli anestesi, terutama selama induksi dan ektubasi.<br /><br />7) Membantu perawat sirkulasi memindahkan pasien serta menempatkan tim bedah setelah pasien ditutup duk dan sesudah operasi berjalan.<br /><br />8) Berada di sisi pasien selama pembedahan, mengobservasi, dan mencatat status tanda-tanda vital, obat-obatan, oksigenasi, cairan, tranfusi darah, status sirkulasi, dan merespon tanda komplikasi dari operator bedah.<br /><br />9) Memberikan segala sesuatu yang dibutuhkan ahli anestesi untuk melakukan suatu prosedur (misalnya anestesi local, umum, atau regional)<br /><br />10) Member informasi dan bantuan pada ahli anestesi setiap terjadi perubahan status tanda-tand vital<br /><br />pasien atau penyulit yang mungkin mengganggu perkembangan kondisi pasien.<br /><br />11) Menerima dan mengirim pasien baru untuk masuk ke kamar prainduksi dan menerima pasien di<br /><br />ruang pemulihan .<br /><br /> Perawat ICU<br /><br />Intensive Care Unit (ICU) adalah suatu bagian dari rumah sakit yang terpisah, dengan staf khusus dan perlengkapan yang khusus, yang ditujukan untuk observasi, perawatan dan terapi pasien-pasien yang menderita penyakit, cedera atau penyulit-penyulit yang mengancam jiwa atau potensial mengancam jiwa dengan prognosis dubia. ICU menyediakan kemampuan dan sarana, prasarana serta peralatan khusus untuk menunjang fungsifungsi vital dengan menggunakan keterampilan staf medik, perawat dan staf lain yang berpengalaman dalam pengelolaan keadaan-keadaan tersebut.<br /><br />Tugas Perawat ICU<br /><br /> Identifikasi masalah<br /> Observasi 24 jam<br /> Kardio vaskuler : peredaran darah, nadi, EKG, perfusi periver, CVP<br /> Respirasi : menghitung pernafasan , setting ventilator, menginterprestasikan hasil BGA,<br /><br />keluhan dan pemeriksaan fisik dan foto thorax.<br /><br /> Ginjal : jumlah urine tiap jam, jumlah urine selama 24 jam<br /> Pencernaan : pemeriksaan fisik, cairan lambung, intake oral, muntah , diare<br /> Tanda infeksi : peningkatan suhu tubuh/penurunan (hipotermi), pemeriksaan kultuur,<br /><br />berapa lama antibiotic diberikan<br /><br /> Nutrisi klien : enteral, parenteral<br /> Mencatat hasil lab yang abnormal.<br /> Posisi ETT dikontrol setiap saat dan pengawasan secara kontinyu seluruh proses perawatan<br /> Menghitung intake / output (balance cairan)<br /><br />TUGAS RUTIN antara lain :<br />1. Merubah posisi setiap 2 jam<br />2. Membersihkan mulut setiap 2 jam<br />3. Fisioterapi nafas 1x tiap shift, bronchial toilet 1x tiap shift atau kalau di perlukan<br />4. Mencatat hasil pengamatan atau pengukuran dilembar observasi<br />5. Komunikasi, baik dengan dokter/ klien atau keluarga klien<br />6. Mencatat dan mengkomunikasikan masalah – masalah yang timbul berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan perawatan klien.<br /><br /><br /><br />PERANAN PERAWAT DI ICU<br />Kini telah terjadi pengembangan tugas dari tingkat basic nursing yang paling dasar menuju keperawatan modern yang kompleks. Dan peran perawat meliputi 3 bidang yakni :<br />1. Caring Role, memelihara klien dan menciptakan lingkungan biologis, psikologis, sosiokultural yang membantu penyembuhan<br />2. Coordinating Role, mengatur keterpaduan tindakan keperawatan, diagnostic dan terapeutik sehingga terjalin pelayanan yang efektif dan efisien.<br />3. Therapeutic Role, sebagai pelaksana pelimpahan tugas dari dokter untuk tindakan diagnostic dan therapeutic.<br /><br /><br /><br />BAB III<br /><br />PENUTUP<br /><br /> Kesimpulan<br /><br />Keperawatan adalah bentuk pelayanan profesional yang merupakan bagian integral dari pelayanan kesehatan didasarkan pada ilmu dan kiat keperawatan, berbentuk pelayanan bio-psiko – sosial dan spiritual yang komprehensif, ditujukan kepada individu, kelompok dan masyarakat baik sehat maupun sakit yang mencakup seluruh daur kehidupan manusia.<br />Keperawatan merupakan ilmu terapan yang menggunakan keterampilan intelektual, keterampilan teknikal dan keterampilan interpersonal serta menggunakan proses keperawatan dalam membantu klien untuk mencapai tingkat kesehatan optimal.<br /><br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br /><br />Muttaqin, Arif dan Kumala Sari.2009.Asuhan Ke<a href="https://nurseammar.blogspot.com/2017/09/makalah-tugas-dan-fungsi-perawat.html" target="_blank">perawat</a>an Perioperatif Konsep, Proses, dan Aplikasi. Jakarta : Salemba Medika.<br /><br />Potter-Perry.Fundamental of Nursing. 6 Th edition.Elsever Mosby . USA.2005<br /><br />Ali, Zaidin .Dasar – dasar Keperawatan Profesional. Jakarta, Widya Medika .2001<br /><br />Gaffar junaidi L.O.Pengantar Keperawatan Profesional.Jakarta.EGC.1999<br /><br />Murwani Anita , Skep . Pengantar Konsep Dasar Keperawatan . Yogyakarta . Fitramaya . 2003<br /><br />Aziz Alimul H, Skep . Riset Keperawatan dan Teknik Penulisan Ilmiah. Salemba medika. Jakarta. 2003<br /><br />Nursalam. Pendekatan Proses Metodologi Penelitian Keperawatan. Jakarta SV Sagung Seto. 2001<br /><br />Caroline Bunker Rosdahal, 1999, Text Book of Basic Nursing, Lippincot, Philadelphia, Newyork, Baltimore<br /><br />Depkes RI, Standar Asuhan Keperawatan, Jakarta, 1997<br /><br />Emma Tippins dan Cliff Evans. 2007. Foundation of emergency care, diambil dari URL :<br /><br />http//www.Blog Keperawatan.com 26 Mei 2008 (di akses tanggal 26 Desember 2010)<br /><br />Philip Woodrow, 2008 Intensive Care Nursing, A framework Practice, Ebook. diambil dari URL<br /><br />http//www.Blog Keperawatan.com (di akses tanggal 26 Desember 2010)<br /><br />Sitorus Ratna, Model Praktik Keperawatan Profesional di RS, EGC, Jakarta, 2006</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-13344825533546008132017-06-03T06:16:00.000-07:002017-06-03T06:16:18.759-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN SISTEM RESPIRASI : RHINITIS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 68.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem pernafasan adalah suatu sistem yang vital bagi kehidupan seluruh manusia,
dan sistem ini terdiri dari beberapa organ untuk menjalankan sebuah sistem
tersebut. Tapi bagaimana apabila beberapa atau salah satu dari organ tersebut
mengalami gangguan, tentu saja ini akan mempengaruhi dari kerja sistem
pernafasan. Dan salah satu dari penyakit yang menyerang salah satu dari organ
dari sistem pernafasan tersebut tersebut adalah rhinitis, yang menyerang pada
organ saluran pernafasan atas yaitu hidung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis berasal dari kata “rhino” yang artinya hidung, dan “itis”
yang artinya peradangan. Jadi rhinitis adalah <strong><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gangguan peradangan pada selaput mukosa/lendir
hidung.</span></strong>Sebagian besar rhinitis disebabkan oleh proses alergi,
namun rhinitis bisa juga disebabkan karena hipersensitivitas saraf-saraf di
sekitar hidung, misalnya terhadap perubahan cuaca, perubahan kelembaban udara,
dan lain-lain. Rhinitis jenis ini disebut <strong><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rhinitis vasomotor. </span></strong>Rhinitis
jenis ini tidak mempan diobati dengan obat anti alergi. (Zullies Ikawati, 2010
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alergi hidung </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">termasuk rhinitis
didalamnya</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,
menyerang 20% dari populasi anak-anak dan dewasa muda di Amerika Utara dan
Eropa Barat. Di tempat lain, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">prevalensinya terlihat </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lebih rendah, terutama pada negara-negara yang
kurang berkembang. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i Indonesia sendiri, angka kejadian rhinitis alergi yang pasti
belum diketahui karena sampai saat ini belum pernah dilakukan penelitian
multisenter. Prevalensi rhinitis alergi perenial di Jakarta besarnya sekitar 20
%, sedangkan menurut Sumarman dan Haryanto, di daerah padat penduduk kota
Bandung menunjukkan 6,98 %, di mana prevalensi pada usia 12-39 tahun.
Berdasarkan survei dari ISAAC (<em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">International Study of Asthma and Allergies in
Childhood</span></em>), pada siswa SMP umur 13-14 tahun di Semarang tahun 2001-
2002, prevalensi rinitis alergi sebesar 18%. (<i>Faculty of Medicine-University
of Riau, 2010 ).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimana pun juga, rhinitis harus dipikirkan sebagai keadaan yang cukup
serius karena dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup penderita akibat beratnya
gejala yang dialami dan juga dapat menyebabkan berbagai komplikasi. Penderita
akan mengalami keterbatasan dalam aktifitas sehari-hari, sering meninggalkan
sekolah atau pekerjaannya, dan menghabiskan biaya yang besar bila menjadi
kronis. Di Amerika Serikat rinitis alergik misalnya mengakibatkan kehilangan
811.000 hari kerja setiap tahun (krouse , 2008). Karyawan penderita alergi yang
masuk kerja produktivitasnya menurun akibat gejala penyakit maupun pengaruh
efek samping terapi. Mereka mengeluh mudah lelah, sulit berkonsentrasi dan
sakit kepala. Begitu pula bagi para kalangan belajar, gejala-gejala yang timbul
dari rhinitis ini akan mengakibatkan sangat terganggunya proses belajar mereka
di sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis juga dipengaruhi lingkungan dari faktor allergen. Penyakit ini
masih sering disepelekan, untuk itu perlu diberikan beberapa informasi agar
penderita tidak terlalu meremehkan dan dapat mengetahui berbagai upaya untuk
mengurangi gejala dan mencegah komplikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas tentang rhinitis, kelompok tertarik untuk
membahas tentang penyakit rhinitis pada infeksi saluran pernafasan atas ini
lebih mendalam dalam sebuah makalah sehingga mahasiswa dan mahasiswi agar
mengetahui bagaimana jika terjadi infeksi saluran pernafasan atas berupa
rhinitis pada hidungnya maupun jika mendapatkan klien dengan infeksi saluran
pernafasan atas; Rhinitis dapat melakukan asuhan keperawatan terhadap klien
dengan baik dan benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan Umum </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui tentang penyakit infeksi saluran
pernfasan atas: Rhinitis dan memenuhi tugas mata kuliah sistem respirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan Khusus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui tentang penyakit rhinitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui perjalanan penyakit rhinitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 225.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui komplikasi rhinitis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui asuhan keperawatan penyakit rhinitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ruang Lingkup Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada makalah ini, kelompok membatasi ruang lingkup penulisan yaitu
konsep dasar tentang penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan atas; rhinitis, yang
terbagi atas rhinitis alergi dan rhinitis non-alergi, serta asuhan keperawatan
klien dengan rhinitis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam penyusunan makalah ini, kelompok menggunakan metode
deskriftif yaitu dengan menggambarkan konsep dasar tentang infeksi saluran
pernafasan atas; Rhinitis dan asuhan keperawatan klien dengan penyakit
rhinitis, dengan melakukan tinjauan terhadap beberapa referensi baik melalui
buku literatur yang terdapat di perpustakaan maupun melalui media informasi
online (internet).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistematika Penulisan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penulisan makalah ini terdiri dari 4 bab yang meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB I: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendahuluan : Latarbelakang, Tujuan
penulisan, Ruang lingkup, Metode penulisan, Sistematika penulisan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tinjauan teoritis : konsep dasar penyakit
rhinitis, klasifikasi rhinitis alergi dan non-alergi, penyebab, manifestasi,
patofisiologi, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asuhan Keperawatan Klien dengan infeksi
saluran pernafasan atas; rhinitis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB IV:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penutup :
Kesimpulan dan Saran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if !mso]>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
<o:rules v:ext="edit">
<o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_46"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule2" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_45"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule3" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_42"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule4" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_47"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule5" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_44"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule6" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_41"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule7" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_39"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule8" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_38"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule9" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_49"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule10" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_40"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule11" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_43"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule12" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_37"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule13" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_27"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule14" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_18"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule15" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_16"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule16" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_14"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule17" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_7"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule18" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_9"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule19" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_8"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule20" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_12"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule21" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_32"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule22" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_31"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule23" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_30"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule24" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_29"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule25" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_28"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule26" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_26"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule27" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_52"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule28" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_53"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule29" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_56"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule30" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_57"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule31" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_58"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule32" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_59"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule33" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_61"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule34" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_62"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule35" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_64"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule36" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_67"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule37" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_68"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule38" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_69"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule39" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_70"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule40" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_71"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule41" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_77"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule42" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_80"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule43" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_81"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule44" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_86"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule45" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_87"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule46" type="connector" idref="#Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_89"/>
</o:rules>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TINJAUAN TEORITIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ANATOMI & FISIOLOGI RESPIRASI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">( Gambar. 2.1. Anatomi Pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( Sumber : Wirawan : 2010 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Respirasi
adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sebuah proses </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pertukaran
gas, yaitu oksigen (O²) yang dibutuhkan tubuh untuk metabolisme sel dan karbondioksida
(CO²) yang dihasilkan dari metabolisme tersebut dikeluarkan dari tubuh melalui
paru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Price SA & Wilson LM,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 1998, s</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">istem respirasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ini </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">terdiri dari:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saluran Nafas Bagian Atas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada bagian ini udara yang masuk ke tubuh dihangatkan,
disar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ngda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
dilembabkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rongga hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Udara
yang dihirup melalui hidung akan mengalami tiga hal : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dihangatkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Disaring</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dan dilembabkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang
merupakan fungsi utama dari selaput lendir respirasi ( terdiri dari : <i>Psedostrafied
ciliated columnar epitelium</i> yang berfungsi menggerakkan partikel partikel
halus kearah faring sedangkan partikel yang besar akan disaring oleh bulu
hidung, <i>sel golbet</i> dan kelenjar serous yang berfungsi melembabkan udara
yang masuk,pembuluh darah yang berfungsi menghangatkan udara). Ketiga hal
tersebut dibantu dengan <i>concha</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gambar. 2.2. Rongga Hidung</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">( Sumber :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Price
& Wilson</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> 1998 )</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Nasofaring</i>
(terdapat <i>pharyngeal tonsil</i> dan <i>Tuba Eustachius</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. <i>Orofaring</i>
(merupakan pertemuan rongga mulut denganfaring,terdapatpangkal lidah) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d.<i>Laringofaring</i>(terjadi
persilangan antara aliran udara dan aliranmakanan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. </span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saluran
Nafas Bagian Bawah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 34.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagian
ini menghantarkan udara yang masuk dari saluran bagian atas ke<i>alveol</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i.</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Laring</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terdiri dari tiga struktur yang penting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tulang rawan <i>krikoid</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selaput/pita suara</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Epilotis</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Glotis</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Trakhea</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merupakan pipa silider dengan panjang ± 11 cm,
berbentuk ¾ cincin tulang rawanseperti hurufC.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagian belakang dihubungkan oleh <i>membran
fibroelastic</i> menempel pada dinding depan <i>usofagus.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bronkhi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merupakan percabangan <i>trakhea </i>kanan dan
kiri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tempat percabangan ini disebut<i>carina.</i></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Brochus</span></i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
kanan lebih pendek, lebar dan lebih dekat dengan <i>trachea.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bronchus </span></i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kanan
bercabang menjadi <i>: lobus superior, medius, inferior. Brochus</i>kiri
terdiri dari <i>: lobus superior</i> dan <i>inferior</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alveoli</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terdiri dari : <i>membran alveolar</i> dan ruang <i>interstisial.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membran alveolar :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Small alveolar cell</span></i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dengan <i>ekstensi ektoplasmik</i> ke arah rongga
alveoli</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Large alveolar cell</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> mengandung <i>inclusion
bodies</i> yang menghasilkan <i>surfactant.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anastomosing capillary</span></i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, merupakan system <i>vena</i> dan <i>arteri</i>
yang saling berhubungan langsung, ini terdiri dari : <i>sel endotel,</i> aliran
darah dalam rongga <i>endotel</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Interstitial space</span></i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> merupakan ruangan yang dibentuk oleh : <i>endotel
kapiler,epitel alveoli</i>, saluran <i>limfe</i>, jaringan <i>kolagen dan</i>
sedikit serum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo22; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 243.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merupakan jalinan atau susunan <i>bronhus
bronkhiolus</i>, <i>bronkhiolus terminalis,bronkhiolus respiratoty, alveoli,
sirkulasi</i> paru, syaraf, sistem <i>limfatik.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KONSEP DASAR PENYAKIT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rhinitis
adalah istilah medis yang menggambarkan iritasi dan peradangan daerah internal
hidung. Gejala utama rhinitis adalah rhinore hidung. Ini disebabkan oleh
peradangan kronis atau akut membran mukosa hidung oleh alergi, bakteri, atau
iritasi.Peradangan mengakibatkan penghasilan jumlah lendir yang berlebihan,
umumnya menghasilkan sekret, serta hidung tersumbat dan post-nasal tetes.
(Behrman , 2000).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rhinitis
adalah suatu kondisi peradangan yang terjadi pada rongga hidung. Rhinitis
dibagi lagi menjadi 2 macam yaitu rhinitis alergi dan rhinitis non alergi.(dr.
Lim Seh Guan , 2011)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
pengertian-pengertian diatas tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>rhinitis, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa rhinitis adalah suatu penyakit
yang terjadi pada membran mukosa internal hidung, yang disebabkan oleh alergi,
bakteri, maupun lingkungan. Dan rhinitis terbagi atas dua macam, yaitu rhinitis
alergi dan rhinitis non alergi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis alergi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rinitis alergi adalah penyakit inflamasi mukosa saluran hidung yang
disebabkan oleh alergi terhadap partikel, seperti: debu, asap, serbuk/tepung
sari yang ada di udara. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(
Behrman,2000 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis alergi Adalah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk menunjukkansetiap
reaksi alergi mukosa hidung, dapat terjadi bertahun-tahun atau musiman.
(Dorland,2002 )</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gambar.2.3.
Hidung normal dan rhinitis alergi</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">( Sumber : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nucleus
Medical Art, Inc. : 2008 )</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klasifikasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan waktunya, Rhinitis
Alergi dapat di golongkan menjadi:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rinitis alergi musiman<i> (Hay
Fever)</i></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biasanya terjadi pada musim semi.Umumnya disebabkan kontak dengan allergen
dari luar rumah, seperti benang sari dari tumbuhan yang menggunakan angin untuk
penyerbukannya, debu dan polusi udara atau asap.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gejala</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung, langit-langit mulut,
tenggorokan bagian belakang dan mata terasa gatal, baik secara tiba-tiba maupun
secara berangsur-angsur. Biasanya akan diikuti dengan mata berair,
bersin-bersin dan hidung meler. Beberapa penderita mengeluh sakit kepala, batuk
dan mengi (bengek); menjadi mudah tersinggung dan deperesi; kehilangan nafsu
makan dan mengalami gangguan tidur. Terjadi peradangan pada kelopak mata bagian
dalam dan pada bagian putih mata (<i>konjungtivitis</i>). Lapisan hidung
membengkak dan berwarna merah kebiruan, menyebabkan hidung meler dan hidung
tersumbat. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan awal untuk rinitis
alergika musiman adalah </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=antihistamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antihistamin</span></i></a><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Pemberian </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=antihistamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antihistamin</span></i></a><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> kadang disertai dengan <i>dekongestan</i> (misalnya </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=pseudoephedrine" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pseudoephedrine</span></i></a><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> atau </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=fenilpropanolamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fenilpropanolaminn</span></i></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">) </span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">untuk melegakan hidung tersumbat.
Pemakaian dekongestan pada penderita tekanan darah tinggi harusdiawasisecara ketat.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bisa juga diberikan obat semprot
hidung natrium kromolin; efeknya terbatas pada hidung dan tenggorokan bagian
belakang. Jika pemberian </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=antihistamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antihistamin</span></i></a><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan kromolin tidak dapat mengendalikan gejala-gejala, maka diberikan obat
semprot kortikosteroid.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika obat semprot kortikosteroid
masih juga tidak mampu meringankan gejala, maka diberikan kortikosteroid
per-oral selama kurang dari 10 hari. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rinitis alergi yang terjadi terus
menerus <i>(perennial</i></span></b><b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Disebabkan bukan karena musim tertentu ( serangan yang terjadi sepanjang
masa (tahunan)) diakibatkan karena kontak dengan allergen yang sering berada di
rumah misalnya kutu debu rumah, bulu binatang peliharaan serta bau-bauan yang
menyengat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level4 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gejala</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung, langit-langit mulut,
tenggorokan bagian belakang dan mata terasa gatal, baik secara tiba-tiba maupun
secara berangsur-angsur. Biasanya akan diikuti dengan mata berair,
bersin-bersin dan hidung meler. Beberapa penderita mengeluh sakit kepala, batuk
dan mengi (bengek); menjadi mudah tersinggung dan deperesi; kehilangan nafsu
makan dan mengalami gangguan tidur. Jarang terjadi <i>konjungtivitis</i>.
Lapisan hidung membengkak dan berwarna merah kebiruan, menyebabkan hidung meler
dan hidung tersumbat. Hidung tersumbat bisa menyebabkan terjadinya penyumbatan <i>tuba
eustakius</i> di telinga, sehingga terjadi gangguan pendengaran, terutama pada
anak-anak. Bisa timbul komplikasi berupa <i>sinusitis</i> (infeksi sinus) dan <i>polip</i>
hidung. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level4 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan awal untuk rinitis
alergika musiman adalah </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=antihistamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antihistamin</span></i></a><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
Pemberian </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=antihistamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antihistamin</span></i></a><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> kadang disertai dengan <i>dekongestan</i> (misalnya </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=pseudoefedrin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pseudoefedrin</span></i></a><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> atau </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=fenilpropanolamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fenilpropanolaminn</span></i></a><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">)</span></i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> untuk melegakan hidung tersumbat. Pemakaian dekongestan pada penderita
tekanan darah tinggi harus diawasi secara ketat.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bisa juga diberikan obat semprot
hidung natrium kromolin; efeknya terbatas pada hidung dan tenggorokan bagian
belakang. Jika pemberian </span><a href="http://www.medicastore.com/med/caridatapilih.php?pilih=1&UID=20080516075805125.208.146.2&cari=antihistamin" marked="1"><i><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antihistamin</span></i></a><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan <i>kromolin</i> tidak dapat mengendalikan gejala-gejala, maka
diberikan obat semprot <i>kortikosteroid</i>; tidak dianjurkan untuk memberikan<i>
kortikosteroidper-oral</i> (melalui mulut).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obat tetes atau obat semprot
hidung yang mengandung <i>dekongestan</i> dan bisa diperoleh tanpa resep
dokter, sebaiknya digunakan tidak terlalu lama karena bisa memperburuk atau
memperpanjang peradangan hidung. Kadang perlu dilakukan pembedahan untuk
membuang polip atau pengobatan terhadap infeksi sinus.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seseorang dapat mengalami rhinitis kombinasi antara
dua jenis tersebut. Masih ada satu lagi jenis rhinitis alergi, yaitu : Rhinitis
alergi occupational adalah Rhinitis yang terkait dengan pekerjaan. Paparan
allergen didapat di tempat bekerja. Biasanya dialami oleh orang yang bekerja
dekat dengan binatang. (Sheikh, 2008)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etiologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis alergi adalah penyakit peradangan yang
diawali oleh dua tahap sensitisasi yang diikuti oleh reaksi alergi. Reaksi
alergi terdiri dari dua fase yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Immediate Phase Allergic Reaction,</span></i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Berlangsung sejak kontak dengan allergen hingga 1
jam setelahnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Late Phase Allergic Reaction, </span></i><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi yang berlangsung pada dua hingga empat jam
dengan puncak 6-8 jam setelah pemaparan dan dapat berlangsung hingga 24 jam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan cara masuknya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> allergen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> – allergen dari rhinitis alergi ter</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bagi
atas:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alergen Inhalan, yang masuk bersama dengan udara
pernafasan, misalnya debu rumah, tungau, serpihan epitel dari bulu binatang
serta jamur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alergen Ingestan, yang masuk ke saluran cerna,
berupa makanan, misalnya susu, telur, coklat, ikan dan udang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alergen Injektan, yang masuk melalui suntikan atau tusukan, misalnya
penisilin atau sengatan lebah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alergen Kontaktan, yang masuk melalui kontak dengan
kulit atau jaringan mukosa, misalnya bahan kosmetik atau perhiasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gambar. 2.4. Alergen dan alergi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">( Sumber : Healtwise,Inc. , 2010 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan masuknya allergen ke dalam tubuh, reaksi
alergi dibagi menjadi tiga tahap besar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Respon Primer,terjadi eliminasi dan pemakanan
antigen, reaksi non spesifik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Respon Sekunder,reaksi yang terjadi spesifik, yang
membangkitkan system humoral, system selular saja atau bisa membangkitkan kedua
system terebut, jika antigen berhasil dihilangkan maka berhenti pada tahap ini,
jika antigen masih ada, karena defek dari ketiga mekanisme system tersebut maka
berlanjut ke respon tersier</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Respon Tersier ,Reaksi imunologik yang tidak
meguntungkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manifestasi Klinis </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bersin berulang-ulang, terutama
setelah bangun tidur pada pagi hari (umumnya bersinlebih dari 6 kali). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung tersumbat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung meler. Cairan yang keluar dari hidung meler
yang disebabkan alergi biasanya bening dan encer, tetapi dapat menjadi kental
dan putih keruh atau kekuning-kuningan jika berkembang menjadi infeksi hidung
atau infeksi sinus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung gatal dan juga sering
disertai gatal pada mata, telinga dan tenggorok.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Badan menjadi lemah dan tak
bersemangat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Patofisiologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tepung sari yang dihirup, spora jamur,
dan antigen hewan di endapkan pada mukosa hidung. Alergen yang larut dalam air
berdifusi ke dalam epitel, dan pada individu individu yang kecenderungan atopik
secara genetik, memulai produksi imunoglobulin lokal (Ig ) E.Pelepasan mediator
sel mast yang baru, dan selanjutnya, penarikan neutrofil, eosinofil, basofil,
serta limfosit bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya reaksi awal dan reaksi fase
lambat terhadap alergen hirupan. Reaksi ini menghasilkan mukus, edema, radang,
gatal, dan vasodilatasi. Peradangan yang lambat dapat turut serta menyebabkan
hiperresponsivitas hidung terhadap rangsangan nonspesifik suatu pengaruh
persiapan. (Behrman, 2000).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skema. 2.1. Patofisiologi Rhinitis
Alergi</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tepung </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">s</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ari</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antigen </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ewan</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spora </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">j</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">amur</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mukosa Hidung</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alergen yang larut dalam air</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Epitel</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ndividu yang kecenderungan </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">topik secara genetik</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">P</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">roduksi </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">munoglobulin lokal</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pelepasan mediator sel mast</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">neutrofil, eosinofil,
basofil, serta limfosit</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mukus</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">edema</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">radang</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">gatal</span></b></div>
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<b>Vasodilatasi</b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cemas </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">P</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ola </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">I</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">stirahat </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">K</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">onsep </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">D</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">iri </span></b></div>
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<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Sumber :
Behrman , 2000 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penatalaksanaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hindari kontak & eliminasi,
Keduanya merupakan terapi paling ideal. Hindari kontakdengan alergen penyebab,
sedangkan eliminasi untuk alergen ingestan(alergimakanan).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Simptomatik : Terapi
medikamentosa yaitu antihistamin, dekongestan dankortikosteroid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antihistamin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antihistamin
yang sering digunakan adalah antihistamin oral. Antihistamin oraldibagi menjadi
dua yaitu generasi pertama (nonselektif) dikenal juga sebagai antihistamin
sedatif serta generasi kedua (selektif) dikenal juga sebagai antihistamin
nonsedatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Efek
sedative antihistamin sangat cocok digunakan untuk pasien yang mengalami
gangguan tidur karena rhinitis alergi yang dideritanya. Selain itu efek samping
yang biasa ditimbulkan oleh obat golongan antihistamin adalah efek
antikolinergik seperti mulut kering, susah buang air kecil dan konstipasi. Penggunaan
obat ini perlu diperhatikan untuk pasien yang mengalami kenaikan tekanan
intraokuler, hipertiroidisme, dan penyakit kardiovaskular.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antihistamin
sangat efektif bila digunakan 1 sampai 2 jam sebelum terpapar allergen.
Penggunaan antihistamin harus selalu diperhatikan terutama mengenai efek
sampingnya. Antihistamin generasi kedua memang memberikan efek sedative yang
sangat kecil namun secara ekonomi lebih mahal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dekongestan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dekongestan
topical dan sistemik merupakan simpatomimetik agen yang beraksi pada reseptor
adrenergic pada mukosa nasal, memproduksi vasokonstriksi. Topikal dekongestan
biasanya digunakan melalui sediaan tetes atau spray. Penggunaan dekongestan
jenis ini hanya sedikit atau sama sekali tidak diabsorbsi secara sistemik
(Dipiro, 2005). Penggunaan obat ini dalam jangka waktu yang lama dapat
menimbulkan rhinitis medikamentosa (rhinitis karena penggunaan obat-obatan).
Selain itu efek samping yang dapat ditimbulkan topical dekongestan antara lain
rasa terbakar, bersin, dan kering pada mukosa hidung. Untuk itu penggunaan obat
ini memerlukan konseling bagi pasien.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistemik
dekongestan onsetnya tidak secepat dekongestan topical. Namun durasinya
biasanya bisa lebih panjang. Agen yang biasa digunakan adalah pseudoefedrin.
Pseudoefedrin dapat menyebabkan stimulasi sistem saraf pusat walaupun digunakan
pada dosis terapinya (Dipiro, 2005). Obat ini harus hati-hati digunakan untuk
pasien-pasien tertentu seperti penderita hipertensi. Saat ini telah ada produk
kombinasi antara antihistamin dan dekongestan. Kombinasi ini rasional karena
mekanismenya berbeda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nasal Steroid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Merupakan
obat pilihan untuk rhinitis tipe perennial, dan dapat digunakan untuk rhinitis
seasonal. Nasal steroid diketahui memiliki efek samping yang sedikit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obat
yang biasa digunakan lainnya antara lain sodium kromolin, dan ipatropium
bromida.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Operatif : Konkotomi merupakan
tindakan memotong konka nasi inferior yang mengalamihipertrofi berat. Lakukan
setelah kita gagal mengecilkan konka nasi inferior menggunakan kauterisasi yang
memakai AgNO3 25% atau triklor asetat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imunoterapi : Jenisnya
desensitasi, hiposensitasi & netralisasi. Desensitasi dan hiposensitasi
membentuk blocking antibody. Keduanya untuk alergi inhalan yang gejalanya
berat, berlangsung lama dan hasil pengobatan lain belum memuaskan. Netralisasi
tidak membentuk blocking antibody dan untuk alergi ingestan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis Non Alergi</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis non allergi disebabkan oleh : infeksi saluran napas (rhinitis
viral dan rhinitis bakterial, masuknya benda asing kedalam hidung, deformitas
struktural, neoplasma, dan massa, penggunaan kronik dekongestan nasal,
penggunaan kontrasepsi oral, kokain dan anti hipertensif. (Behrman , 2000 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gambar. 2.5. <i>nasal cavityrhinitis</i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">( Sumber<i> : </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">allergyclinic :
2010 )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gejala</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kongesti nasal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rabas nasal (purulent dengan rhinitis bakterialis)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gatal pada nasal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bersin-bersin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sakit kepala<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terapi Medik</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemberian antihistamin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dekongestan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kortikosteroid topikal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Natrium kromolin<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klasifikasi</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan penyebabnya, rhinitis non alergi di
golongkan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rinitis vasomotor</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis vasomotor adalah terdapatnya gangguan
fisiologik lapisan mukosa hidung yang disebabkan oleh bertambahnya aktivitas
parasimpatis. Rinitis vasomotor mempunyai gejala yang mirip dengan rinitis
alergisehingga sulit untuk dibedakan.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etiologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Mansjoer Arief pada buku kapita selekta kedokteran sampai saat ini
b</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">elum diketahui</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dengan pasti penyebab dari rhinitis vasomotor ini</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> tetapi sejauh ini</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> diduga akibat gangguankeseimbangan vasomotor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keseimbang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n
vasomotor ini dipengaruhi berbagai hal :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obat-obatan yang menekan dan
menghambat kerja saraf simpatis, seperti: ergotamin, klorpromazin, obat
antihipertensi, dan obat vasokontriktor lokal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor fisik, seperti iritasi
asap rokok, udara dingin, kelembapan udara yang tinggi, dan bau yang merangsang
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor endokrin, seperti :
kehamilan, pubertas, dan hipotiroidisme</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">- </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor psikis, seperti : cemas
dan tegang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manifestasi klinis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung
tersumbat, bergantian kiri dan kana</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, tergantung pada posisi pasien. Terdapat rinorea
yang mukus atau serosa, kadang agak banyak. Jarang disertai bersin, dan tidak
disertai gatal di mata. Gejala memburuk pada pagi hari waktu bangun tidur
karena perubahan suhu yang ekstrim, udara lembab, juga karena asap rokok dan
sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan gejala yang menonjol,
dibedakan atas golongan obstruksi dan rinorea. Pemeriksaan rinoskopi anterior
menunjukkan gambaran klasik berupa edema mukosa hidung, konka berwarna merah
gelap atau merah tua, dapat pula pucat. Permukaannya dapat licin atau
berbenjol. Pada rongga hidung terdapat sekret mukoid, biasanya sedikit. Namun
pada golongan rinorea, sekret yang ditemukan biasanya serosa dan dalam jumlah
banyak. ( kapita)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Patofisiologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rangsangan saraf parasimpatis akan menyebabkan terlepasnya asetilkolin,
sehingga terjadi dilatasi pembuluh darah dal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a</span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">m konka serta meningkatkan
permiabilitas kapiler dan sekresi kelenjar, sedangkan rangsangan s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a</span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">raf simpatis mengakibatkan sebaliknya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Mansjoer
Arief , 1993).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skema. 2.2.
Patofisiologi Rhinitis Vasomotor</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 184.2pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor endokrin</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor psikis</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obat</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2an</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yg meneka</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n &</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> menghambat kerja saraf simpatis</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor fisik</span></b></div>
</div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan Keseimbangan Vasomotor</span></b></div>
</div>
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</tbody></table>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">terlepasnya asetilkolin</span></b></div>
</div>
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<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">permiabilitas kapiler</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">edema</span></b></div>
</div>
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<div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mukus atau serosabanyak</span></b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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<b>Dx. Gangguan
Pola Istirahat</b></div>
</div>
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<b>Dx. Cemas</b></div>
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<b>Dx. Gangguan
Konsep Diri</b></div>
</div>
</td>
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<b>Dx. Ketidakefektifan
Jalan Nafas</b></div>
</div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dilatasi </span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pembuluh darahkonka</span></b></div>
</div>
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<tbody>
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<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rinor</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ea</span></b></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung tersumbat</span></b></div>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sekresi kelenjar</span></b></div>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rangsangan saraf parasimpatis</span></b></div>
</div>
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</tbody></table>
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan penunjang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dilakukan pemeriksaaan untuk menyingkirkan
kemungkinan rinitis alergi. Kadang ditemukan juga eosinofil pada sekret kulit
tetapi jumlahnya sedikit. Tes kulit biasnya negatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penatalaksanaan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di cari faktor yang mempengaruhi keseimbangan
vasomotor dan disingkirkan kemungkinana rhinitis alergi. Terapi bervariasi,
tergantung faktor penyebab dan gejala yang menonjol. Secara umum terbagi atas :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level4 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menghindari
penyeba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level4 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan
simtomatis, dengan obat dekongestan oral dankortikosteroid topikal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level4 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Operasi,
dengan bedah beku, elektrokauter, atau konkotomi konkainferior</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level4 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Neurektomi
nervus vidianus sebagai saraf otonom mukosa hidung, jika cara-cara di atas
tidak berhasil. Operasinya tidak mudah dan komplikasinya cukup berat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan
Rinitis Vasomotor bervariasi, tergantung kepada faktor penyebab dan gejala yang
menonjol. Secara garis besar, pengobatan dibagi dalam:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menghindari
penyebab / pencetus ( Avoidance therapy )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan
konservatif ( Farmakoterapi ) :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dekongestan
atau obat simpatomimetik digunakan untuk mengurangi keluhan hidung tersumbat.
Contohnya: Pseudoephedrine dan Phenylpropanolamine (oral) serta Phenylephrine
dan Oxymetazoline (semprot hidung ).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anti histamin : paling
baik untuk golongan rinore.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kortikosteroid
topikal mengurangi keluhan hidung tersumbat, rinore dan bersin-bersin dengan
menekan respon inflamasi lokal yang disebabkan oleh mediator vasoaktif.
Biasanya digunakan paling sedikit selama 1 atau 2 minggu sebelum dicapai hasil
yang memuaskan. Contoh steroid topikal : Budesonide, Fluticasone, Flunisolide
atau Beclomethasone</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anti kolinergik juga
efektif pada pasien dengan rinore sebagai keluhan utamanya.Contoh : Ipratropium
bromide ( nasal spray )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terapi operatif (
dilakukan bila pengobatan konservatif gagal ):</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kauterisasi konka yang
hipertrofi dengan larutan AgNO3 25% atau triklorasetat pekat ( chemical cautery
) maupun secara elektrik (electrical cautery).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diatermi submukosa
konka inferior (submucosal diathermy of the inferior turbinate)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bedah beku konka
inferior ( cryosurgery )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reseksi konka parsial
atau total (partial or total turbinate resection)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Turbinektomi dengan
laser ( laser turbinectomy )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Neurektomi n. vidianus
( vidian neurectomy ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rinitis Medikamentosa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis medikamentosa
adalah suatu kelainan hidung berupa gangguan respon normal vasomotor sebagai
akibat pemakaian vasokonstriktor topical (obat tetes hidung atau obat semprot
hidung) dalam waktu lama dan berlebihan, sehingga menyebabkan sumbatan hidung yang
menetap. </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat
dikatakan hal ini disebabkan oleh pemakaian obat yang berlebihan <i>(Drug
Abuse)</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gejala dan Tanda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penderita mengeluh hidungnya tersumbat terus
menerus dan berair. Pada pemeriksaan konka dengan secret hidung yang
berlebihan. Apabila diuji dengan adrenalin, adema konka tidak berkurang.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hentikan
pemakaian obat tetes dan sempro</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">t</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> hidung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk
mengatasi su</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">m</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">batan
berulang, beri kortikosteroit secara penurunan bertaha</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">p</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dengan menurunkan dosis 5 mg
setiap hari.(misalnya hari 1: 40 mg, hari 2: 35 mg dan seterusnya).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obat
dekongestan oral (biasanya mengandung pseudoefredin). Apabila dengan cara ini
tak ada perbaikan setelah 3 minggu pasien dirujuk ke dokter THT.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis</span></b><b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Atrofi
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinitis Atrofi adalah satu penyakit infeksi hidung
kronik dengan tanda adanya atrofi progesif tulang dan mukosa konka. Secara
klinis, mukosa hidung menghasilkan secret kental dan cepat m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ngering, sehingga terbentuk
krusta berbau busuk. Sering mengenai masyarakat dengan tingkat social ekonomi
lemah dan lingkungan buruk. Lebih sering mengenai wanita, terutama pada usia
pubertas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etiologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Belum jelas, beberapa hal yang dianggap sebagai
penyebabnya seperti infeksi oleh kuman spesifik, yaitu spesies Klebsiella, yang
sering <i>Klebsiella ozanae, </i>kemudian stafilokok, sreptokok, <i>Pseudomonas
aeruginosa</i>, defisiensi Fe, defisiensi vitamin A, sinusitis kronik, kelainan
hormonal, dan penyakit kolagen. Mungkin berhubungan dengan trauma atau terapi
radiasi.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manifestasi klinis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keluhan subyektif yang sering ditemukan pada pasien
biasanya nafas berbau (sementara pasien sendiri menderita anosmia), ingus
kental hijau, krusta hijau, gangguan penciuman, sakit kepala, dan hidung
tersumbat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada pemeriksaan THT ditemukan rongga hidung sangat
lapang, konka inferior dan media hipotrofi atau atrofi secret purulen hijau dan
krusta berwarna hijau.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan penunjang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat dilakukan transiluminasi, fotosinus para
nasal, pemeriksaan mikro organisme uji resistensi kuman, pemeriksaan darah
tepi, pemeriksaan Fe serum, dan serologi darah. Dari pemeriksaan histo patologi
terlihat mukosa hidung menjadi tipis, silia hilang, metaplasia thoraks menjadi
epitel kubik atau gepeng berlapis, kelenjar degenerasi dan atrofi, jumlahnya
berkurang dan bentuknya mengecil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penatalaksanaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Belum adanya yang baku. Penatalaksanaan ditunjukkan
untuk menghilangkan etiologi, selain gejalanya dapat dilakukan secara
konservatif atau operatif. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara konservatif
dapat diberikan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antibiotic presprektum
luas atau sesuaiuji resistensi kuman sampai gejala hilang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obat cuci hidung agar
bersih dari krusta dan bau busuk hilang dengan larutan betadine satu sendok
makan dalam 100 cc air hangat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Vitamin
A 3x50.000 unit selama 2 minggu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Preparat Fe</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan
sinusitis, bila terdapat sinusitis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komplikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Polip hidung. Rinitis alergi dapat menyebabkan atau menimbulkan kekambuhan
polip hidung.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Otitis media. Rinitis alergi dapat menyebabkan otitis media yang sering
residif dan terutama kita temukan pada pasien anak-anak.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinusitis kronik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Otitis media dan sinusitis kronik bukanlah akibat langsung dari rinitis
alergi melainkan adanya sumbatan pada hidung sehingga menghambat drainase.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level8 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Discharge planning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Instruksikan
pasien yang allergik untuk menghindari allergen atau iritan spt (debu,asap
tembakau, asap, bau, tepung, sprei)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejukkan
membran mukosa dengan menggunakan sprey nasal salin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melunakkan
sekresi yang mengering dan menghiangkan iritan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ajarkan
tekhnik penggunaan obat-obatan spt sprei dan serosol.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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menghembuskan hidung sebelum pemberian obat apapun <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="_GoBack"></a>t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">erhadap </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hidung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENGKAJIAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ANAMNESIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Umur , rhinitis bisa terjadi pada semua umur mulai dari anak-anak sampai
usia lanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat penggunaan obat-obatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat pekerjaan, pada pekerja yg rentan terhadap debu yang berhubungan
dengan polusi udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesehatan masa lalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 77.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pasien pernah menderita penyakit akut dan perdarahan hidung atau
trauma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 2.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pernah mempunyai
riwayat penyakit THT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Riwayat kesehatan
sekarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keluhanutama/alasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">masuk rumah sakit</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bersin-bersin, hidung mengeluarkan sekret, hidung
tersumbat, dan hidung gata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">l.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat kesehatan keluarga </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Adakah
penyakit yang diderita oleh anggota dan keluarga yang lalu yang mungkin ada
hubungannya dengan penyakit klien sekarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Riwayat Psikososial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Intrapersonal : perasaan
yang dirasakan klien (cemas/sedih)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Interpersonal : hubungan dengan orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pola fungsi kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pola persepsi dan tata laksana hidup sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengurangi flu biasanya klien menkonsumsi obat tanpa
memperhatikan efek samping</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 61.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -4.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pola nutrisi dan metabolisme :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Biasanya nafsu makan klien berkurang karena terjadi gangguan pada
hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pola istirahat dan tidur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 77.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Selama inditasi klien merasa tidak dapat istirahat karena klien
sering pilek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pola Persepsi dan konsep diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 77.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Klien sering pilek terus menerus dan berbau menyebabkan konsep diri
menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pola sensorik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">daya penciuman klien terganggu karena hidung buntu akibat pilek
terus menerus (baik purulen, serous dan mukopurulen).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PEMERIKSAAN FISIK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
fisik untuk rhinitis berfokus pada hidung, tetapi pemeriksaan wajah, mata,
telinga, leher, paru-paru, dan kulit juga penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wajah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Allergic shiners, yaitu dark circles di sekitar mata dan berhubungan
dengan vasodilatasi atau obstruksi hidung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nasal crease
yaitu lipatan horizontal (horizontal case) yang melalui setengah bagian bawah
hidung akibat kebiasaan menggosok hidung ke atas dengan tangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada pemeriksaan hidung digunakan nasal speculum atau bagi spesialis dapat
digunakan rhinolaringoskopi. Pada rhinoskopi akan tampak mukosa edema, basah,
bewarna pucat, disertai adanya secret encer yang banyak. Pada rhinitis alergi,
mucus encer dan tipis. Jika kental dan purulen biasanya berhubungan dengan
sinusitis. Namun mukus yang kental, purulen dan bewarna dapat timbul pada
rhinitis alergi. Periksa septum untuk melihat adanya deviasi atau perforasi
septum yang dapat disebabkan oleh penyakit rhinitis alergi kronis, penyakit
granulomatus. Periksa rongga hidung untuk melihat adanya massa seperti polip
dan tumor. Polip berupa massa yang berwarna abu-abu dan tangkai. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telinga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan
otoskop perhatikan adanya retraksi membrane timpani. Kelainan mobilitas dari
membrane timpani dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan otoskop pneumatic. Kelainan
tersebut dapat terjadi pada rhinitis yang disertai dengan disfungsi tuba
eustachius dan otitis media sekunder.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 85.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.7pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada
pemeriksaan mata akan ditemukan injeksi dan pembengkakan konjungtiva palpebra
yang disertai dengan produksi air mata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Leher</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 75.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perhatikan adanya limfadenopatie.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Paru-paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perhatikan adanya tanda-tanda asma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemungkinan
adanya dermatitis atopi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan nafas berhubungan
dengan obstruksi/adanya secret yang mengental.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gangguan istirahat tidur berhubungan
dengan penyumbatan pada hidung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gangguan konsep diri berhubungan
dengan rhinore.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cemas berhubungan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan tentang penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">INTERVENSI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Marilynn E.
Doenges rencana keperawatan pada klien dengan rhinitis yang disertai dengan
diagnosa keperawatan, tujuan dan kreteria hasil, rencana intervensi dan
rasionalisme telah tercantum pada table di bawah ini.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Table 3.1 </span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 659px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.4pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rencana Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.3pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 63.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidakefektifan
jalan nafas berhubungan dengan obstruksi/adanya secret yang mengental </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jalan
nafas efektif Setelah dilakukan tindakan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keperawatan d</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam waktu 2x24 jam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.4pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
penumpukan secret yang ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi
tanda-tanda vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi dengan team medis dalam pemberian terapi obat simpatomimetik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.3pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengetahui tingkat keparahan dan tindakan selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -15.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai
langkah awal menilai permasalahan klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -13.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Obat simpatomimetik digunakan untuk mengurangi keluhan hidung tersumbat
sehingga pernafasan dapat efektif kembali lewat hidung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan istirahat tidur
berhubungan dengan penyumbatan pada hidung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 3.6pt 26.1pt 111.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan tidur teratasi setelah dilakukan
tindakan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keperawatan d</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam waktu 2x24 jam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.4pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -17.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
kebutuhan tidur klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciptakan
suasana yang nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan
klien bernafas lewat mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi dengan tim medis pemberian obat </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>simpatomimetik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.3pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengetahui permasalahan klien dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan istirahat tidur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Situasi yang nyaman membuat klien dapat tidur dengan tenang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pernafasan
tidak terganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Obat simpatomimetik digunakan untuk mengurangi keluhan hidung tersumbat
sehingga pernafasan dapat efektif kembali lewat hidung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan konsep diri
berhubungan dengan rhinore</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 3.6pt 26.1pt 111.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan konsep diri teratasi
setelah dilakukan tindakan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keperawatan
d</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam waktu 1x24 jam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.4pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dorong individu untuk bertanya mengenai masalah, penanganan, perkembangan
dan prognosis kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ajarkan individu mengenai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sumber
komunitas yang tersedia, jika dibutuhkan (misalnya : pusat kesehatan mental)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dorong individu untuk mengekspresikan perasaannya, khususnya bagaimana
individu merasakan, memikirkan, atau memandang dirinya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.3pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberikan minat dan perhatian, memberikan kesempatan untuk memperbaiaki
kesalahan konsep</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendekatan secara komperhensif dapat membantu memenuhi kebutuhan pasien
untuk memelihara tingkah laku koping</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat membantu meningkatkan tingkat kepercayaan diri, memperbaiki harga diri,
mrnurunkan pikiran terus menerus terhadap perubahan dan meningkatkan perasaan
terhadap pengendalian diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.75pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cemas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
berhubungan dengan </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kurangnya pengetahuan tentang
penyakit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.75pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cemas berkurang atau hilang
setelah diberikan Penkes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam waktu
1x24 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.4pt;" valign="top" width="166">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji
tingkat kecemasan klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan kenyamanan dan ketent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">r</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aman pada klien </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Temani
klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perlihatkan rasa empati( datang dengan menyentuh klien </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan penjelasan pada klien tentang penyakit yang dideritanya perlahan,
tenang se</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">r</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ta gunakan
kalimat yang jelas, singkat mudah dimengerti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Singkirkan stimulasi yang berlebihan misalnya :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tempatkan klien diruangan yang lebih tenang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -21.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Batasi kontak dengan orang lain /klien lain yang kemungkinan mengalami
kecemasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila perlu , kolaborasi dengan tim medis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.3pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menentukan
tindakan selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 23.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memudahkan penerimaan klien terhadap informasi yang diberikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -184.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.15pt;">
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<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sehingga klien </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ebih
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan menghilangkan stimulus yang mencemaskan akan meningkatkan
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rhinitis adalah suatu inflamasi (
peradangan ) pada membran mukosa di hidung. (Dipiro, 2005 ). Berdasarkan
sifatnya rinitis terdiri dari rinitis akut dan kronis. Sementara berdasarkan
penyebabnya terdiri dari rinitis alergi dan rinitis non alergi. Rinitis alergi
dibedakan menjadi rinitis alergi musiman dan rinitis terus-menerus. Rinitis non
alergi terdiri dari rinitis vasomotor, rinitis medikamentosa, dan rinitis
atrofi. Gejala rinitis secara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lokal berupa kongesti nasal, rabas nasal (purulen
dengan rinitis bakterialis),bersin-bersin, batuk, hidung tersumbat, beringus,
gatal pada hidung, hidung berair, sakit tenggorokan, dan tidak enak badan,
tinnitus (rasa ada dengung di telinga) , rasa penuh di telingan dan postnasal
drip. Sakit kepala dapat saja terjadi, terutama jika terdapat juga sinusitis.
Gejala secara umum dapat berupa kelainan pada gastrointestinal seperti muntah,
mual, obstipasi, kembung, atau kadang diare. Juga dapat terjadi gelisah, mudah
tersinggung, nyeri otot (mialgia) dan nyeri pada sendi-sendi dan sebagainya.
Pada pemeriksaan ditemukan membrane mukosa berwarna merah, membengkak dan
lembab. Pasien mengeluh adanya rasa gatal dan mata berair/ menangis. Infeksi
bakteri atau infeksi kronis mengakibatkan keluarnya ingus yang kehijau-hijauan
atau purulen, mukoid, dan kental. Infeksi sekunder seperti otitis media,
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun diagnosa keperawatan yang mungkin muncul diantaranya sebagai berikut
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketidakefektifan jalan nafas berhubungan dengan obstruksi /adanya secret
yang mengental</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan istirahat tidur berhubungan dengan penyumbatan pada hidung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan konsep diri berhubungan dengan rhinore</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SARAN </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan kesimpulan diatas, maka
penulis mengemukakan agar kualitas asuhan keperawatan ini nantinya akan lebih
baik, yaitu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumah
Sakit </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan rumah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sakit dapat meningkatkan mutu dalam pemberian
asuhan keperawatan pada pasien dengan gangguan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem pernafasan : RHINITIS secara benar dan tepat sehingga dapat
meningkatkan mutu pelayanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesehatan
secara maksimal serta mengurangi adanya komplikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perawat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat harus lebih memahami dan dapat
menerapkan pelaksanaan keperawatan yang dilakukan, khususnya pada pasien dengan
sistem pernapasan :RHINITIS. Tindakan keperawatan yang telah dilakukan,
sehingga hasil tindakan dan respon pasien di tulis secara lengkap pada status
klien, sebagai bahan komunikasi antar perawat untuk melanjutkan asuhan
keperawatan kepada pasien sebagai pertanggung jawaban atas tindakan keperawatan
yang telah diberikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mahasiswa</span></div>
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selalu belajar lebih baik dalam memanfaatkan wadah yang ada peningkatan asuhan
keperawatan khususnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam hal
pendokumentasian dan pendataan pada pasien dengan RHINITIS sehingga dalam
pelaksanaan dilapangan dapat memberikan asuhan yang optimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Institusi Pendidikan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai tempat mencetak perawat
professional, kreatif serta mempunyai ketrampilan dan skill dalam melakukan
asuhan keperawatan dan diharapkan lebih memperhatikan dalam memberikan
pembekalan ilmu keperawatan kepada mahasiswa dalam hal pendokumentasian dan
praktek lapangan : sebagai bekal saat mahasiswa tersebut turun dilapangan agar
dapat memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asuhan keperawatan yang
lebih baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Masyarakat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terwujudnya Indonesia sehat 2011 tidak
lepas dari dukungan masyarakat,keluarga, serta individu.dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melakukan pencegahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penularan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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sehat.dengan cara : selalu mengonsumsi makan yang bergizi, menjaga lingkungan
agar tetap sehat & bersih, pencahayaan rumah yang cukup untuk mencegah
kuman tidak berkembang biak diudara yang lembab dapat mengurangi penularan
penyakit pernafasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
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Ners AmmaRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17743315143081739375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-24177888760051877722017-06-03T06:12:00.001-07:002017-06-03T06:12:42.790-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN SISTEM RESPIRASI : SINUSITIS<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TINJAUAN TEORITIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anatomi dan
Fisiologi Sinus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anatomi Sinus
Pranasal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus paranasal merupakan salah satu organ tubuh manusia yang sulit
dideskripsikan karena bentuknya sangat bervariasi pada tiap individu. Sinus
paranasal merupakan hasil pneumatisasi tulang-tulang kepala, sehingga terbentuk
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rongga di dalam tulang. Ada empat pasang (delapan) sinus paranasal,
empat buah pada masing-masing sisi hidung ; sinus frontalis kanan dan kiri,
sinus etmoid kanan dan kiri (anterior dan posterior), sinus maksila, yang
terbesar, kanan dan kiri disebut Antrum Highmore dan sinus sfenoidalis kanan
dan kiri. Semua rongga sinus ini dilapisi oleh mukosa yang merupakan lanjutan
mukosa hidung, berisi udara dan semua bermuara di rongga hidung melalui ostium
masing-masing. (Ballenger JJ,1994; Heilger PA, 1997; Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto
D. 2007) </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gambar 2.1 anatomi sinus pranasal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumber : http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Sinusitis-3.jpg</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gambar 2.2 Sinusitis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumber : http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Sinusitis-3.jpg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara klinis sinus paranasal dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu
bagian anterior dan posterior. Kelompok anterior bermuara di bawah konka media,
pada atau di dekat infundibulum, terdiri dari sinus frontal, sinus maksila, dan
sel-sel anterior sinus etmoid. Kelompok posterior bermuara di berbagai tempat
di atas konka media terdiri dari sel-sel posterior sinus etmoid dan sinus
sphenoid. Garis perlekatan konka media pada dinding lateral hidung merupakan
batas antara kedua kelompok. Proctor berpendapat bahwa salah satu fungsi
penting sinus paranasal adalah sebagai sumber lender yang segar dan tak
terkontaminasi yang dialirkan ke mukosa hidung. (Ballenger JJ,1994) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Embriologi
sinus pranasal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara embriologik, sinus paranasal
berasal dari invaginasi mukosa rongga hidung, berupa tonjolan atau resesus
epitel mukosa hidung setelah janin berusia 2 bulan, resesus inilah yang
nantinya akan berkembang menjadi ostium sinus. Perkembangan sinus paranasal
dimulai pada fetus usia 3-4 bulan, kecuali sinus sphenoid dan sinus frontal.
Sinus maksila dan sinus etmoid telah ada saat anak lahir, saat itu sinus
maksila sudah terbentuk dengan sangat baik dengan dasar agak lebih rendah
daripada batas atas meatus inferior. Setelah usia 7 tahun </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perkembangannya ke bentuk dan ukuran
dewasa berlangsung dengan cepat. Sinus frontal berkembang dari sinus etmoid
anterior pada anak yang berusia kurang lebih 8 tahun. Pneumatisasi sinus
sphenoidalis dimulai pada usia 8 – 10 tahun dan berasal dari bagian
postero-superior rongga hidung. Sinus-sinus ini pada umumnya mencapai besar
maksimal pada usia antara 15-18 tahun. . (Ballenger JJ,1994 ; Mangunkusumo E.,
Soetjipto D. 2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus Frontal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus frontal yang terletak di os
frontal mulai terbentuk sejak bulan ke emapat fetus, berasal dari sel-sel
resesus frontal atau dari sel-sel infundibulum etmoid. Sesudah lahir, sinus
frontal mulai berkembang pada usia 8-10 tahun dan akan mencapai ukuran maksimal
sebelum usia 20 tahun. . (Ballenger JJ,1994 ; Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D.
2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bentuk dan ukuran sinus frontal
sangat bervariasi , dan seringkali juga sangat berbeda bentuk dan ukurannya
dari sinus dan pasangannya, kadang-kadang juga ada sinus yang rudimenter.
Bentuk sinus frontal kanan dan kiri biasanya tidak simetris, satu lebih besar
dari pada lainnya dan dipisahkan oleh sekat yang terletak di garis tengah.
Kurang lebih 15% orang dewasa hanya mempunyai satu sinus frontal dan kurang
lebih 5% sinus frontalnya tidak berkembang. Ukuran rata-rata sinus frontal :
tinggi 3 cm, lebar 2-2,5 cm, dalam 1,5-2 cm, dan isi rata-rata 6-7 ml. Tidak
adanya gambaran septum-septum atau lekuk-lekuk dinding sinus pada foto rontgen
menunjukkan adanya infeksi sinus. Sinus frontal dipisahkan oleh tulang yang
relatif tipis dari orbita dan fosa serebri anterior, sehingga infeksi dari
sinus frontal mudah menjalar ke daerah ini. Sinus frontal berdrainase melalui
ostiumnya yang terletak di ressus frontal yang berhubungan dengan infundibulum
etmoid. (Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus Etmoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari semua sinus paranasal, sinus etmoid
yang paling bervariasi dan akhir-akhir ini dianggap paling penting, karena
dapat merupakan fokus infeksi bagi sinus-sinus lainnya. (Mangunkusumo E.,
Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sel-sel etmoid, mula-mula terbentuk
pada janin berusia 4 bulan, berasal dari meatus superior dan suprema yang
membentuk kelompok sel-sel etmoid anterior dan posterior. Sinus etmoid sudah
ada pada waktu bayi lahir kemudian berkembang sesuai dengan bertambahnya usia
sampai mencapai masa pubertas. Pada orang dewasa bentuk sinus etmoid seperti
piramid dengan dasarnya di bagian posterior. Ukurannya dari anterior ke
posterior 4-5 cm, tinggi 2,4 cm, dan lebarnya 0,5 cm di bagian anterior dan 1,5
cm di bagian posterior, volume sinus kira-kira 14 ml. (Mangunkusumo E.,
Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus etmoid berongga – rongga
terdiri dari sel-sel yang menyerupai sarang tawon, yang terdapat di dalam massa
bagian lateral os etmoid, yang terletak di antara konka media dan dinding
medial orbita. Berdasarkan letaknya, sinus etmoid dibagi menjadi sinus etmoid anterior
yang bermuara di meatus medius, dan sinus etmoid posterior yang bermuara di
meatus superior. Di bagian terdepan sinus etmoid anterior ada bagian yang
sempit, disebut resesus frontal, yang berhubungan dengan sinus frontal. Sel
etmoid yang terbesar disebut bula etmoid. Di daerah etmoid anterior terdapat
suatu penyempitan infundibulum, tempat bermuaranya ostium sinus maksila.
Pembengkakan atau peradangan di resesus frontal dapat menyebabkan sinusitis
frontal dan pembengkakan di infundibulum dapat menyebabkan sinusitis maksila.
(Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">nAtap sinus etmoid yang disebut
fovea etmoidalis berbatasan dengan lamina kribrosa. Dinding lateral sinus
adalah lamina papirasea yang sangat tipis dan membatasi sinus etmoid dari
rongga orbita. Di bagian belakang sinus etmoid posterior berbatasan dengan
sinus sphenoid. (Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus Sfenoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus sfenoid terbentuk pada janin
berumur 3 bulan sebagai pasangan evaginasi mukosa di bagian posterior superior
kavum nasi. Perkembangannya berjalan lambat, sampai pada waktu lahir evaginasi
mukosa ini belum tampak berhubungan dengan kartilago nasalis posterior maupun
os sfenoid. Sebelum anakberusia 3 tahun sinus sfenoid masih kecil, namun telah
berkembang sempurna pada usia 12 sampai 15 tahun. Letaknya di dalam korpus os
etmoid dan ukuran serta bentuknya bervariasi. Sepasang sinus ini dipisahkan
satu sama lain oleh septum tulang yang tipis, yang letakya jarang tepat di
tengah, sehingga salah satu sinus akan lebih besar daripada sisi lainnya.
(Ballenger JJ,1994) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Letak os sfenoid adalah di dalam os
sfenoid di belakang sinus etmoid posterior. Sinus sfenoid dibagi dua oleh sekat
yang disebut septum intersfenoid. Ukurannya adalah tinggi 2 cm, dalamnya 2,3
cm, dan lebarnya 1,7 cm. Volumenya berkisar dari 5 sampai 7,5 ml. Saat sinus
berkembang, pembuluh darah dan nervus bagian lateral os sfenoid akan menjadi
sangat berdekatan dengan rongga sinus dan tampak sebagai indentasi pada dinding
sinus sfenoid. Batas-batasnya adalah : sebelah superior terdapat fosa serebri
media dan kelenjar hipofisa, sebelah inferiornya adalah atap nasofaring,
sebelah lateral berbatasan dengan sinus kavernosus dan a.karotis interna
(sering tampak sebagai indentasi) dan di sebelah posteriornya berbatasan dengan
fosa serebri posterior di daerah pons. ( Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus maksila </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus maksila atau Antrum Highmore,
merupakan sinus paranasal yang terbesar. Merupakan sinus pertama yang
terbentuk, diperkirakan pembentukan sinus tersebut terjadi pada hari ke 70 masa
kehamilan. Saat lahir sinus maksila bervolume 6-8 ml, yang kemudian berkembang
dengan cepat dan akhirnya mencapai ukuran maksimal yaitu 15 ml pada saat
dewasa. (Lund VJ,1997)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada waktu lahir sinus maksila ini
mulanya tampak sebagai cekungan ektodermal yang terletak di bawah penonjolan
konka inferior, yang terlihat berupa celah kecil di sebelah medial orbita.
Celah ini kemudian akan berkembang menjadi tempat ostium sinus maksila yaitu di
meatus media. Dalam perkembangannya, celah ini akan lebih kea rah lateral
sehingga terbentuk rongga yang berukuran 7 x 4 x 4 mm, yang merupakan rongga
sinus maksila. Perluasan rongga tersebut akan berlanjut setelah lahir, dan
berkembang sebesar 2 mm vertical, dan 3 mm anteroposterior tiap tahun.
Mula-mula dasarnya lebih tinggi dari pada dasar rongga hidung dan pada usia 12
tahun, lantai sinus maksila ini akan turun, dan akan setinggi dasar hidung dan
kemudian berlanjut meluas ke bawah bersamaan dengan perluasan rongga.
Perkembangan sinus ini akan berhenti saat erupsi gigi permanen. Perkembangan
maksimum tercapai antara usia 15 dan 18 tahun. (Ballenger JJ,1994; Mangunkusumo
E., Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus maksila berbentuk piramid
ireguler dengan dasarnya menghadap ke fosa nasalis dan puncaknya ke arah apeks
prosesus zigomatikus os maksila. Dinding anterior sinus ialah permukaan fasial
os maksila yang disebut fosa kanina,dinding posteriornya adalah permukaan
infra-temporal maksila, dinding medialnya ialah dinding lateral rongga hidung.
Dinding medial atau dasar antrum dibentuk oleh lamina vertikalis os palatum,
prosesus unsinatus os etmoid, prosesus maksilaris konka inferior, dan sebagaian
kecil os lakrimalis. Dinding superiornya ialah dasar orbita dan dinding inferiornya
ialah prosesus alveolaris dan palatum. Ostium sinus maksila berada di sebelah
superior dinding medial sinus dan bermuara ke hiatus semilunaris melalui
infundibulum etmoid. Menurut <b><i>Morris</i></b>, pada buku anatomi tubuh
manusia, ukuran rata-rata sinus maksila pada bayi baru lahir 7-8 x 4-6 mm dan
untuk usia 15 tahun 31-32 x 18-20 x 19-20 mm. Antrum mempunyaihubungan dengan
infundibulum di meatus medius melalui lubang kecil, yaitu ostium maksila yang
terdapat di bagian anterior atas dinding medial sinus. Ostium ini biasanya
terbentuk dari membran. Jadi ostium tulangnya berukuran lebih besar daripada
lubang yang sebenarnya. Hal ini mempermudah untuk keperluan tindakan irigasi
sinus. (Ballenger JJ,1994 ; Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari segi klinik yang perlu
diperhatikan dari anatomi sinus maksila adalah : 1) dasar sinus maksila sangat
berdekatan dengan akar gigi rahang atas , yaitu premolar (P1 dan P2) , molar
(M1 dan M2), kadang-kadang juga gigi taring (C) dan gigi molar (M3) , bahkan
akar-akar gigi tersebut tumbuh ke dalam rongga sinus, hanya tertutup oleh
mukosa saja. Gigi premolar kedua dan gigi molar kesatu dan dua tumbuhnya dekat
dengan dasar sinus. Bahkan kadang-kadang tumbuh ke dalam rongga sinus, hanya
tertutup oleh mukosa saja. Proses supuratif yang terjadi di sekitar gigi-gigi
ini dapat menjalar ke mukosa sinus melalui pembuluh darah atau limfe, sedangkan
pencabutan gigi ini dapat menimbulkan hubungan dengan rongga sinus yang akan
mengakibatkan sinusitis. 2) sinusitis maksila dapat menimbulkan komplikasi
orbita. 3) Ostim sinus maksila lebih tinggi letaknya dari dasar sinus, sehingga
drainase hanya tergantung dari gerak silia, dan drainase harus melalui
infundibulum yang sempit. Infundibulum adalah bagian dari sinus etmoid anterior
dan pembengkakan akibat radang atau alergi pada daerah ini dapat menghalangi
drainase sinus maksila dan selanjutnya menyebabkan sinusitis. (Ballenger
JJ,1994 ; Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fisiologi Sinus
Pranasal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus paranasal
secara fisiologi memiliki fungsi yang bermacam-macam. <b><i>Bartholini </i></b>adalah
orang pertama yang mengemukakan bahwa ronga-rongga ini adalah organ yang
penting sebagai resonansi, dan <b><i>Howell </i></b>mencatat bahwa suku Maori
dari Selandia Baru memiliki suara yang sangat khas oleh karena mereka tidak
memiliki rongga sinus paranasal yang luas dan lebar. Teori ini dpatahkan oleh
Pretz , bahwa binatang yang memiliki suara yang kuat, contohnya singa, tidak
memiliki rongga sinus yang besar. Beradasarkan teori dari Proetz, bahwa kerja
dari sinus paranasal adalah sebagai barier pada organ vital terhadap suhu dan
bunyi yang masuk. Jadi sampai saat ini belum ada persesuaian pendapat mengenai
fisiologi sinus paranasal . Ada yang berpendapat bahwa sinus paranasal tidak mempunyai
fungsi apa-apa, karena terbentuknya sebagai akibat pertumbuhan tulang muka.
(Passali ; Lund VJ.1997 ; Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007) . Beberapa teori
yang dikemukakan sebagai fungsi sinus paranasal antara lain adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai
pengatur kondisi udara (air conditioning)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus berfungsi sebagai ruang tambahan untuk memanaskan dan
mengatur kelembaban udara inspirasi. Keberatan terhadap teori ini ialah
ternyata tidak didapati pertukaran udara yangdefinitif antara sinus dan rongga
hidung. Volume pertukaran udara dalam ventilasi sinus kurang lebih 1/1000
volume sinus pada tiap kali bernafas, sehingga dibutuhkan beberapa jam untuk
pertukaran udara total dalam sinus. Lagipula mukosa sinus tidak mempunyai
vaskularisasi dan kelenjar yang sebanyak mukosa hidung. (Mangunkusumo E.,
Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai<b><i> </i></b>penahan
suhu (thermal insulators) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus paranasal berfungsi sebagai buffer (penahan) panas ,
melindungi orbita dan fosa serebri dari suhu rongga hidung yang berubah-ubah.
Akan tetapi kenyataannya, sinus-sinus yang besar tidak terletak di antara
hidung dan organ-organ yang dilindungi. (Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membantu
keseimbangan kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus paranasal berfungsi sebagai buffer (penahan) panas ,
melindungi orbita dan fosa serebri dari suhu rongga hidung yang berubah-ubah.
Akan tetapi kenyataannya, sinus-sinus yang besar tidak terletak di antara
hidung dan organ-organ yang dilindungi. (Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membantu
resonansi suara </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus mungkin berfungsi sebagai rongga untuk resonansi suara dan
mempengaruhi kualitas suara. Akan tetapi ada yang berpendapat , posisi sinus
dan ostiumnya tidak memungkinkan sinus berfungsi sebagai resonator yang
efektif. Tidak ada korelasi antara resonansi suara dan besarnya sinus pada
hewan-hewan tingkat rendah. (Mangunkusumo E., Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai peredam
perubahan tekanan udara </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsi ini berjalan bila ada perubahan tekanan yang besar dan
mendadak, misalnya pada waktu bersin atau membuang ingus. (Mangunkusumo E.,
Soetjipto D. 2007) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membantu
produksi mukus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mukus yang dihasilkan oleh sinus paranasal memang jumlahnya kecil
dibandingkan dengan mukus dari rongga hidung, namun efektif untuk membersihkan
partikel yang turut masuk dengan udara inspirasi karena mukus ini keluar dari
meatus medius, tempat yang paling strategis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep Dasar
Penyakit Sinusitis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Definisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinusitis
adalah penyakit infeksi sinus yang d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">isebabkan
oleh kuman atau virus. Sinusitis merupakan suatu proses peradangan pada mukosa
atau selaput lendir sinus paranasal ( <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ballenger JJ, 1999 )</span></em><i>.</i> Sinusitis
adalah suatu peradangan pada <i>sinus</i> yang terjadi karena <i>alergi</i>
atau infeksi virus, bakteri maupun jamur.( <em><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mangunkusumo E, Soetjipto D, 2007 ).</span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></em></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jadi kesimpulan dari kelompok kami bahwa
sinusitis adalah penyakit infeksi pada mukosa atau selaput lendir hidung yang
disebabkan oleh alergi, infeksi virus, bakteri atau jamur yang menyebabkan
reaksi inflamasi pada sinus pranasal.</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klasifikasi</span></div>
<div class="Kapsi1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
Menurut
Newman (1994) berdasarkan perjalanan penyakitnya dibagi menjadi sinusitis
dibagi menjadi :</div>
<div class="Kapsi1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sinusitis akut</div>
<div class="Kapsi1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bila gejala yang timbul berlangsung selama 3-4 minggu,
beberapa klinisi mengembangkannya hingga 8 minggu dan mengelompokkan ke dalam
sinusitis sub akut bila gejala yang timbul berlangsung kurang dari 3 minggu.
Gejala yang timbul meliputi infeksi saluran pernapasan atas yang menetap,
adanya rhinorhea yang purulen, post nasal drip, anosmia, sumbatan hidung, nyeri
fasial, sakit kepala, demam dan batuk.</div>
<div class="Kapsi1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sinusitis kronis</div>
<div class="Kapsi1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bila gejala yang timbul berlangsung lebih dari 4 minggu
dengan gejala seperti pada sinusitis akut. Beberapa klinisi mengembangkannya
hingga lebih dari 8 minggu. Pada sinusitis kronik ini umumnya ditemukan
kelainan CT atau MRI dan beberapa penderita sinusitis kronis kadang
memperlihatkan gejala yang tidak khas.</div>
<div class="Kapsi1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sinusitis rekuren</div>
<div class="Kapsi1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Bila episode sinusitis akut berulang hingga 2-3 kali dalam
satu tahun dan kemungkinan disebabkan oleh infeksi yang berbeda pada setiap
periodenya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sinus paranasal salah satu fungsinya
adalah menghasilkan lendir yang dialirkan ke dalam hidung, untuk selanjutnya
dialirkan ke belakang, ke arah tenggorokan untuk ditelan ke saluran pencernaan.
Semua keadaan yang mengakibatkan tersumbatnya aliran lendir dari sinus ke
rongga hidung akan menyebabkan terjadinya sinusitis. Secara garis besar
penyebab sinusitis ada 2 macam, yaitu faktor lokal dan faktor sistemik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor lokal adalah semua kelainan
pada hidung yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya sumbatan; antara lain infeksi,
alergi, kelainan anatomi, tumor, benda asing, iritasi polutan dan gangguan pada
mukosilia (rambut halus pada selaput lendir).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor
sistemik adalah keadaan di luar hidung yang dapat menyebabkan sinusitis; antara
lain gangguan daya tahan tubuh (diabetes, AIDS), penggunaan obat-obat yang
dapat mengakibatkan sumbatan hidung. Adapun <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyebab lain sinusitis adalah sebagai berikut
:</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rinogen<br />
Obstruksi dari ostium Sinus (maksilaris/paranasalis) yang disebabkan oleh :</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rinitis Akut (influenza)</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polip, septum deviasi</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dentogen<br />
Penjalaran infeksi dari gigi geraham atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebabnya adalah kuman :</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Streptococcus pneumonia</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hamophilus influenza</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Steptococcus viridians</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Staphylococcus aureus</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Branchamella catarhatis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut <i>Mangunkusumo E, Soetjipto D</i> 2007. Sinus dilapisi oleh sel
epitel respiratorius. Lapisan mukosa yang melapisi sinus dapat dibagi menjadi 2
yaitu : <i>lapisan viscous superficial dan lapisan serous profunda</i>. Cairan
mukus dilepaskan oleh sel epitel untuk membunuh bakteri. Cairan mukus secara
alami menuju ke ostium untuk dikeluarkan jika jumlahnya berlebihan. Faktor yang
paling penting yang mempengaruhi patogenesis terjadinya sinusitis yaitu apakah
terjadi obstruksi dari ostium. Jika terjadi obstruksi ostium sinus akan
menyebabkan terjadinya hipooksigenasi, yang menyebabkan fungsi silia berkurang
dan epitel sel mensekresikan cairan mukus dengan kualitas yang kurang baik.
Disfungsi silia ini akan menyebabkan retensi mukus yang kurang baik pada sinus.
Beberapa faktor lain yang menyebabkan terjadinya disfungsi silia adalah udara
dingin yang dapat menghalangi perkembangan epitel siliaris,sehingga menyebabkan
gangguan pergerakan silia dan akhirnya menyebabkan retensi cairan mukosa. Udara
kering dapat mengeringkan lapisan mukosa sinus, yang dapat menyebabkan
berkurangnya sekresi. Jika terdapat suatu massa di saluran pernafasan dan
sinus, seperti polip, benda asing, tumor, dan pembengkakan mukosa oleh karena
rhinitis, dapat menghalangi ostium dan menyebabkan tertahannya sekresi dan
kemudian menimbulkan retensi mukus yang berujung pada timbulnya infeksi. Sinusitis
kronik merupakan peradangan pada sinus paranasalis menetap hingga 12 minggu.
Proses peradangan yang menetap tersebut dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal berikut :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infeksi persisten</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alergi dan
gangguan sistem imun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor intrinsik dan saluran nafas atas (misalnya
deformitas)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolonisasi dari fungsi yang merangsang inflamasi oleh
eosinofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan metabolik</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Skema 2.1 Patofisiologi Sinusitis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuman/Bakteri</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sinus
pranasal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Disfungsi
silia</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nyeri</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Reaksi inflamasi</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penumpukan cairan</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">rasa tidaknya nyaman pada saluran
nafas bagian atas ( bau )</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">obtruksi</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Irahat tidu</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan nutrisi</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>istirahat tidur</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bersihan
Jalan Nafas Tidak Efektif</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber
: </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mangunkusumo
E, Soetjipto D, 2007</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan
Diagnosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rinoskopi
anterior : Tampak mukosa konka hiperemis, kavum nasi sempit, dan edema.Pada
sinusitis maksila, sinusitis frontal dan sinusitis ethmoid anterior tampak mukopus
atau nanah di meatus medius, sedangkan pada sinusitis ethmoid posterior dan
sinusitis sfenoid nanah tampak keluar dari meatus superior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rinoskopi
posterior : Tampak mukopus di nasofaring (post nasal drip).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dentogen :
Caries gigi (PM1,PM2,M1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Transiluminasi
(diaphanoscopia) : Sinus yang sakit akan menjadi suram atau gelap. Pemeriksaan
transiluminasi bermakna bila salah satu sisi sinus yang sakit, sehingga tampak
lebih suram dibanding sisi yang normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">X Foto sinus
paranasalis : Pemeriksaan radiologik yang dibuat ialah Posisi Water’s,
Posteroanterior dan Lateral. Akan tampak perselubungan atau penebalan mukosa
atau batas cairan udara (air fluid level) pada sinus yang sakit. Posisi Water’s
adalah untuk memproyeksikan tulang petrosus supaya terletak di bawah antrum
maksila, yakni dengan cara menengadahkan kepala pasien sedemikian rupa sehingga
dagu menyentuh permukaan meja. Posisi ini terutama untuk melihat adanya
kelainan di sinus maksila, frontal dan etmoid. Posisi Posteroanterior untuk
menilai sinus frontal dan Posisi Lateral untuk menilai sinus frontal, sphenoid
dan etmoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan CT
–Scan : Pemeriksaan CT-Scan merupakan cara terbaik untuk memperlihatkan sifat
dan sumber masalah pada sinusitis dengan komplikasi. CT-Scan pada sinusitis
akan tampak : penebalan mukosa, air fluid level, perselubungan homogen atau
tidak homogen pada satu atau lebih sinus paranasal, penebalan dinding sinus
dengan sklerotik (pada kasus-kasus kronik).Hal-hal yang mungkin ditemukan pada
pemeriksaan CT-Scan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kista retensi
yang luas, bentuknya konveks (bundar), licin, homogen, pada pemeriksaan CT-Scan
tidak mengalami ehans. Kadang sukar membedakannya dengan polip yang terinfeksi,
bila kista ini makin lama makin besar dapat menyebabkan gambaran air-fluid
level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Polip yang
mengisi ruang sinus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Polip
antrokoanal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Massa pada cavum
nasi yang menyumbat sinus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mukokel,
penekanan, atrofi dan erosi tulang yang berangsur-angsur oleh massa jaringan
lunak mukokel yang membesar dan gambaran pada CT Scan sebagai perluasan yang
berdensitas rendah dan kadang-kadang pengapuran perifer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan di
setiap sinus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinusitis
maksila akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan rongga hidung akan tampak ingus kental yang
kadang-kadang dapat terlihat berasal dari meatus medius mukosa hidung. Mukosa
hidung tampak membengkak (edema) dan merah (hiperemis). Pada pemeriksaan
tenggorok, terdapat ingus kental di nasofaring. Pada pemeriksaan di kamar
gelap, dengan memasukkan lampu kedalam mulut dan ditekankan ke langit-langit,
akan tampak pada sinus maksila yang normal gambar bulan sabit di bawah mata.
Pada kelainan sinus maksila gambar bulan sabit itu kurang terang atau tidak
tampak. Untuk diagnosis diperlukan foto rontgen. Akan terlihat perselubungan di
sinus maksila, dapat sebelah (unilateral), dapat juga kedua belah (bilateral )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinusitis
etmoid akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan rongga hidung, terdapat ingus kental, mukosa hidung
edema dan hiperemis. Foto roentgen, akan terdapat perselubungan di sinus
etmoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinusitis
frontal akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan rongga hidung, ingus di meatus medius. Pada pemeriksaan
di kamar gelap, dengan meletakkan lampu di sudut mata bagian dalam, akan tampak
bentuk sinus frontal di dahi yang terang pada orang normal, dan kurang terang
atau gelap pada sinusitis akut atau kronis. Pemeriksaan radiologik, tampak pada
foto roentgen daerah sinus frontal berselubung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinusitis
sfenoid akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan
rongga hidung, tampak ingus atau krusta serta foto rontgen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pencegahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penderita
sinus juga harus tanggap dengan penyakitnya dengan melakukan langkah-langkah
berikut seperti dilansir dari Sinuswars (</span><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/pathology" marked="1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://id.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/pathology</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ) : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Segera obati alergi
dan pilek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menggunakan filter
udara untuk membantu menghilangkan alergen dari udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hindari polusi udara
seperti asap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hilangkan kebiasaan
merokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mengurangi konsumsi
alcohol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kurangi perjalanan
melalui jalur udara untuk penderita sinus kronis atau akut. Karena gelembung
udara yang terjebak dalam tubuh memuai saat penurunan tekanan udara di pesawat
akan memberikan tekanan pada jaringan sekitarnya dan bisa mengakibatkan
terhalangnya tabung Eustachio (saluran yang menghubungkan telinga ke
tenggorokan). Jika tetap harus bepergian gunakan obat tetes hidung dekongestan
atau inhaler sebelum penerbangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Minum banyak air
putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hindari olahraga
berenang di kolam renang dengan berklorin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hindari olahraga
menyelam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hindari suhu ekstrim
terlalu panas atau dingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mandi uap panas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mengurangi stres</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gunakan obat herbal
alami seperti sirih untuk melancarkan aliran lendir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terapi
sinusitis seringkali berupa pengobatan terhadap infeksi traktus respiratorius
bagian atas, dengan sinusitis sebagai bagian yang penting. Seringkali
infeksinya hanya merupakan penyakit terbatas yang sembuh sendiri dalam waktu
singkat, jika tidak disertai komplikasi supurasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan sinusitis secara lokal intranasal dengan antibiotik
tidak berguna, karena obat-obat tersebut tidak cukup luas berkontak dengan
permukaan mukosa yang terinfeksi terinfeksi agar dapat berfungsi. Selain itu,
dapat terjadi iritasi atau gangguan aktivitas silia, sehingga fungsinya sebagai
pembersih mukosa hidung justru semakin terganggu. Adapun penatalaksanan yang
dapat dilakukan kepada pasien sinusitis adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Farmakologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antibiotik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena itu antibiotika dapat diberikan secara sistemik per oral.
Pada sinusitis akut diberikan antibiotika selama 10-14 hari, meskipun gejala
klinis telah hilang. Secara empiris, antibiotika yang dapat diberikan misalnya
Amoksisilin (3 x 500mg), Trimetoprim dan Sulfametoksazol (2 x 960 mg),
Amoksisilin dan Asam Klavulanat (2 x 500 mg), Klaritromisin (2 x 250 mg), dan
Levofloksasin (4 x 500 mg).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analgesik</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
Gejala
nyeri akibat sinusitis diobati dengan analgetik. Diberikan juga dekongestan
lokal berupa tetes hidung, untuk memperlancar drainase sinus. Dekongestan ini
hanya boleh diberikan untuk waktu yang terbatas (5 sampai 10 hari), karena
kalau terlalu lama dapat menyebabkan rinitis medikamentosa.</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembedahan</span>.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
Terapi
bedah pada sinusitis akut jarang diperlukan, kecuali bila telah terjadi
komplikasi ke orbita atau intrakranial, atau bila ada nyeri yang hebat karena
ada sekret yang tertahan oleh sumbatan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
Pada sinusitis maksila
dapat dilakukan tindakan pungsi dan irigasi. Pada sinusitis etmoid, frontal
atau sfenoid yang letak muaranya di bawah, dapat dilakukan tindakan pencucian
sinus cara Proetz (<em>Proetz displacement therapy</em>).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Komplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut <i>Ballenger JJ</i> ( 1999 ). Meskipun komplikasi rinosinusitis
sudah jarang dijumpai pada era antibiotik sekarang ini, komplikasi serius masih
dapat terjadi. Yang harus diingat komplikasi rinosinusitis akan
meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas bila tidak mendapatkan penanganan yang
baik dan adekuat. Letak sinus paranasal yang berdekatan dengan mata dan
kranial sangat berperan pada infeksi rinosinusitis akut ataupun kronik. Beberapa
faktor yang diduga sebagai penyebab terjadinya komplikasi antara lain karena :
terapi yang tidak adekuat, daya tahan tubuh yang rendah, virulensi kuman
dan penanganan tindakan operatif (yang seharusnya) terlambat dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komplikasi pada organ mata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara
anatomi perbatasan daerah mata dan sinus sangat tipis : batas medial sinus
etmoid dan sfenoid, batas superior sinus frontal dan batas inferior sinus
maksila. Rinosinusitis merupakan salah satu penyebab utama infeksi
orbita. Pada era pre antibiotik hampir 50 % terjadi komplikasi ke mata, 17
% berlanjut ke meningen dan 20 % terjadi kebutaan.Komplikasi ke orbita
dapat terjadi pada segala usia, tetapi pada anak-nak lebih sering.
Intervensi tindakan operatif lebih banyak dilakukan pada anak-anak yang lebih
besar dan dewasa. Etmoiditis sering menimbulkan komplikasi ke orbita, diikuti
sinusitis frontal dan maksila. Komplikasi dapat melalui 2 jalur :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Direk/langsung : melalui dehisensi konginetal
ataupun adanya erosi pada tulang barier terutama lamina
papirasea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Retrograde tromboplebitis :melalui anyaman pembuluh
darah yang berhubungan langsung antara wajah, rongga hidung, sinus dan orbita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klasifikasi
ada 5 kategori (Chandler at al) :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selilitis periorbita : gejala yang tampak adanya odem
dan hiperemis daerah periorbita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selulitis orbita : tampak adanya proptosis, kemosis,
penurunan gerak ekstra okuler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abses subperiosteal : tertimbunnya pus diantara
periorbita dan dinding tulang orbita. Gejala proptosis lebih jelas dan
penurunan gerak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abses orbita : pus tertimbun di dalam orbita, gejalnya
optalmoplegi, proptosis dan kebutaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Trombosis sinus kavernosus : sama dengan gejala nomor
4 disertai tanda-tanda meningitis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komplikasi intrakranial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 50.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab tersering komplikasi intrakranial adalah
sinusitis frontal, diikuti sinusitis etmoid, sfenoid dan maksila.Komplikasi
intrakranial dapat terjadi pada infeksi sinus yang akut, ekaserbasi akut
ataupun kronik. Komplikasi ini lebih sering pada laki-laki dewasa diduga ada
faktor predileksi yang berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan tulang frontal dan
meluasnya sistem anyaman pembuluh darah yang terbentu.Beberapa jalur untuk
terjadinya infeksi ini antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 86.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">direk melalui jalan alami</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 86.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">melalui anyaman pembuluh darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa tahap komplikasi intrakranial yang dikenal :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Osteomielitis : penyebaran infeksi melalui anyaman
pembuluh darah ke tulang kranium menyebabkan osteitis yang akan mengakibatkan
erosi pada bagian anterior tulang frontal. Gejala tampak odem yang terbatas
pada dahi di bawah kulit dan penimbunan pus di superiosteum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Epidural
abses terdapat timbunan pus diantara duramater dan ruang kranium yang sering
tampak pada tulang frontal dimana duramater melekat longgar pada tulang dahi.
Gejala sangat ringan, tanpa ada gangguan neurologi, ada nyeri kepala yang makin
lama dirasakan makin berat dan sedikit demam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Subdural empiema, terjadi karena retrograde
tromboplebitis ataupun penyebaran langsung dari abses epidural. Gejala nyeri
kepala hebat, ada tanda-tanda iskemik/infark kortek seperti hemiparesis,
hemiplegi, paralisis n.Facialis, kejang, peningkatan tekanan
intrakranial, demam tinggi, lekositosis dan akhirnya kesadaran menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abses otak. Lokasi di daerah frontal paling sering
disebabkan sinusitis frontal dengan penyebaran retrograde, septik emboli dari
anyaman pembuluh darah. Bila abses timbul perlahan, gejala neurologi tak jelas
tampak, bila odem terjadi di sekitar otak, tekanan intrakranial akan meningkat,
gejala-gejala neurologi jelas tampak, ancaman kematian segera terjadi bila
abses ruptur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meningitis.
Sinusitis frontal jarang menyebabkan meningitis tetapi seringkali karena
infeksi sekunder dari sinus etmoid dan sfenoid. Gejala-gejala tampak jelas :
adanya demam, sakit kepala, kejang, diikuti kesadaran menurun sampai koma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Asuhan
Keperawatan Teoritis Sinusitis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anamnesa</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Biodata : Nama ,umur, sex,
alamat, suku, bangsa, pendidikan, pekerjaan,</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Riwayat Penyakit sekarang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Keluhan utama : biasanya penderita mengeluh nyeri kepala
sinus, tenggorokan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Riwayat penyakit dahulu :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pasien pernah menderita
penyakit akut dan perdarahan hidung atau trauma</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pernah mempunyai riwayat
penyakit THT</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pernah menderita sakit gigi
geraham</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Riwayat keluarga : Adakah
penyakit yang diderita oleh anggota keluarga yang lalu yang mungkin ada
hubungannya dengan penyakit klien sekarang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Riwayat spikososial </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Intrapersonal : perasaan yang
dirasakan klien (cemas/sedih)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Interpersonal : hubungan
dengan orang lain.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pola fungsi kesehatan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pola persepsi dan tata
laksana hidup sehat : Untuk mengurangi flu biasanya klien menkonsumsi obat tanpa
memperhatikan efek samping</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pola nutrisi dan metabolisme
: biasanya nafsu makan klien berkurang karena terjadi gangguan pada hidung</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pola istirahat dan tidur : selama
inditasi klien merasa tidak dapat istirahat karena klien sering pilek</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pola Persepsi dan konsep diri
: klien sering pilek terus menerus dan berbau menyebabkan konsepdiri menurun</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pola sensorik : daya
penciuman klien terganggu karena hidung buntu akibat pilek terus menerus (baik
purulen , serous, mukopurulen).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo45; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Pemeriksaan fisik</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">status kesehatan umum
: keadaan umum , tanda viotal, kesadaran.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Pemeriksaan fisik data
focus hidung : nyeri tekan pada sinus, rinuskopi (mukosa merah dan bengkak).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Data subyektif :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Observasi nares :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">riwayat bernafas
melalui mulut, kapan, onset, frekwensinya</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Riwayat pembedahan
hidung atau trauma</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Penggunaan obat tetes
atau semprot hidung : jenis, jumlah, frekwensinyya , lamanya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Sekret hidung :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">warna, jumlah, konsistensi
secret</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Epistaksis </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Ada tidaknya krusta/nyeri
hidung.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Riwayat Sinusitis :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Nyeri kepala, lokasi dan
beratnya</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Hubungan sinusitis dengan
musim/ cuaca.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo33; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Gangguan umum lainnya :
kelemahan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Data Obyektif </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Demam, drainage ada : Serous,
Mukppurulen, Purulen.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Polip mungkin timbul dan biasanya terjadi bilateral pada
hidung dan sinus yang mengalami radang ? Pucat, Odema keluar dari hidng atau
mukosa sinus</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Kemerahan dan Odema membran mukosa</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">pemeriksaan penunjung : Kultur organisme hidung dan
tenggorokan dan Pemeriksaan rongent sinus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan
Rasa Nyaman Nyeri : kepala, tenggorokan , sinus berhubungan dengan peradangan
pada hidung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cemas berhubungan dengan Kurangnya Pengetahuan
klien tentang penyakit dan prosedur tindakan medis(irigasi sinus/operasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebersihan
jalan nafas tidak efektif berhubungan dengan dengan obstruksi /adnya secret
yang mengental</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gangguan istirahat tidur berhubungan dengan
hiidung buntu., nyeri sekunder peradangan hidung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan
pemenuhan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan nafus makan menurun
sekunder dari peradangan sinus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gangguan konsep diri berhubungan dengan bau
pernafasan dan pilek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo37; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri
berhubungan dengan peradangan pada hidung</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Tujuan : Nyeri klien berkurang atau hilang</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Kriteria hasil :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Klien mengungkapakan nyeri
yang dirasakan berkurang atau hilang</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo38; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Klien tidak menyeringai
kesakitan </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" width="308">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" width="308">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 134.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 134.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Kaji tingkat nyeri klien <br />
b. Jelaskan sebab dan akibat nyeri pada klien serta keluarganya<br />
c. Ajarkan tehnik relaksasi dan distraksi<br />
d. Observasi tanda tanda vital dan keluhan klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Kolaborasi dngan tim medis :<br />
1) Terapi konservatif :<br />
- obat Acetaminopen; Aspirin, dekongestan hidung<br />
- Drainase sinus<br />
2) Pembedahan :<br />
- Irigasi Antral :<br />
Untuk sinusitis maksilaris<br />
- Operasi Cadwell Luc</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 134.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">a. Mengetahui
tingkat nyeri klien dalam menentukan tindakan selanjutnya<br />
b. Dengan sebab dan akibat nyeri diharapkan klien berpartisipasi dalam
perawatan untuk mengurangi nyeri</span>.<span style="color: black;"><br />
c. Klien mengetahui tehnik distraksi dn relaksasi sehinggga dapat
mempraktekkannya bila mengalami nyeri<br />
d. Mengetahui keadaan umum dan perkembangan kondisi klien. <br />
</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Menghilangkan /mengurangi keluhan nyeri klien</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cemas
berhubungan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan klien tentang penyakit dan prosedur
tindakan medis (irigasi/operasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan : Cemas klien berkurang/hilang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klien
akan menggambarkan tingkat kecemasan dan pola kopingnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klien
mengetahui dan mengerti tentang penyakit yang dideritanya serta pengobatannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 162.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 162.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">a. Kaji tingkat kecemasan klien</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">b. Berikan kenyamanan dan ketentaman pada klien :<br />
- Temani klien<br />
- Perlihatkan rasa empati( datang dengan menyentuh klien )</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">c. Berikan penjelasan pada klien tentang penyakit yang
dideritanya perlahan, tenang seta gunakan kalimat yang jelas, singkat mudah
dimengerti</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">d. Singkirkan stimulasi yang berlebihan misalnya :<br />
- Tempatkan klien diruangan yang lebih tenang<br />
- Batasi kontak dengan orang lain /klien lain yang kemungkinan mengalami
kecemasan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">e. Observasi tanda-tanda vital. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">f. Bila perlu , kolaborasi dengan tim medis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 162.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">a. Menentukan tindakan selanjutnya</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">b. Memudahkan penerimaan klien terhadap informasi yang
diberikan </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">c. Meingkatkan pemahaman klien tentang penyakit dan
terapi untuk penyakit tersebut sehingga klien lebih kooperatif</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">d. Dengan menghilangkan stimulus yang mencemaskan akan
meningkatkan ketenangan klien.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">e.
Mengetahui perkembangan klien secara dini.<br />
f. Obat dapat menurunkan tingkat kecemasan klien</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebersihan
jalan nafas Jalan nafas berhubungan dengan obtruksi (penumpukan secret hidung)
sekunder dari peradangan sinus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan : Jalan nafas efektif setelah secret (seous,purulen)
dikeluarkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klien
tidak bernafas lagi melalui mulut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jalan
nafas kembali normal terutama hidung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 125.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 125.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">a. kaji penumpukan
secret yang ada</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">b. Observasi tanda-tanda
vital.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">c. Koaborasi dengan tim
medis untuk pembersihan sekret</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 125.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Mengetahui tingkat keparahan dan tindakan selanjutnya<br />
b. Mengetahui perkembangan klien sebelum dilakukan operasi<br />
c. Kerjasama untuk menghilangkan penumpukan secret/masalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan
pemenuhan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan nafus makan menurun
sekunder dari peradangan sinus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan : kebutuhan nutrisi klien dapat terpenuhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Klien
menghabiskan porsi makannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berat
badan tetap (seperti sebelum sakit ) atau bertambah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 250.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 250.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">a. kaji pemenuhan
kebutuhan nutrisi klien</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">b. Jelaskan pentingnya
makanan bagi proses penyembuhan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">c. Catat intake dan
output makanan klien.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">d. Anjurkan makan
sediki-sedikit tapi sering</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black;">e. Sajikan makanan
secara menarik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 250.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Mengetahui kekurangan nutrisi klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Dengan pengetahuan yang baik tentang nutrisi akan
memotivasi meningkatkan pemenuhan nutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Mengetahui perkembangan pemenuhan nutrisi klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Dengan sedikit tapi sering mengurangi penekanan
yang berlebihan pada lambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Mengkatkan selera makan klien</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan
istirahat dan tidur berhubungan dengan hidung buntu, nyeri sekunder dari proses
peradangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
klien dapat istirahat dan tidur dengan nyaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kriteria <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Klien tidur 6-8 jam sehari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 52.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 52.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. kaji kebutuhan tidur klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. ciptakan suasana yang nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Anjurkan klien bernafas lewat mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Kolaborasi dengan tim medis pemberian obat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.8pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Mengetahui permasalahan klien dalam pemenuhan
kebutuhan istirahat tidur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Agar klien dapat tidur dengan tenang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Pernafasan tidak terganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Pernafasan dapat efektif kembali lewat hidung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Ners AmmaRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17743315143081739375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-8705407204515730112017-06-03T06:09:00.000-07:002017-06-03T06:09:18.952-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN SISTEM RESPIRASI : COMMON COLD<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">AB</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">L</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">atar Belakang</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebutuhan oksigen di dalam tubuh merupakan kebutuhan dasar dan utama yang
harus dipenuhi oleh semua mahluk hidup yang ada di daratan dan termasuk
manusia. Oksigen sangat berperan penting dan merupakan kebutuhan pokok yang utama
bagi manusia. Namun ketika individu mengalami gangguan atau peradangan pada
saluran pernapasan atas (hidung), maka pemenuhan kebutuhan oksigen akan sedikit
tergangu. Penyakit yang menyerang saluran pernapasan atas salah satunya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">common cold</i> (pilek, selesma), (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suzanne C. Smeltzer. 2002).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.inspirasisehat.com/iliadin" marked="1"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Common cold</span></i></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> adalah salah satu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> infeksi saluran napas atas, merupakan infeksi virus pada saluran
napas atas yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sering dialami</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Common cold</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan salah satu penyakit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> menular </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pada system pernapasan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">karena
pasien mengandung virus selama kurang lebih dua hari sebelum timbul gejala, dan
selama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">agian pertama fase gejala. Frekuensi terkena </span><a href="http://www.inspirasisehat.com/iliadin" marked="1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">common cold </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bervariasi sesuai usia. <span class="mystyle01">WHO</span></span><span class="mystyle01"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (2003)</span></span><span class="mystyle01"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
memberikan suatu kewaspadaan global akan meluasnya suatu penyakit peradangan
atau inflamasi pada saluran pernapasan atas. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tiga </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">siklus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> selesma timbul setiap tahunnya di
Amerika Serikat,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pada bulan September, setelah
sekolah masuk kembali, pada akhir bulan Januari dan pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hari-hari
memasuki akhir bulan April.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebuah penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
angka kejadian </span><a href="http://www.inspirasisehat.com/iliadin" marked="1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">common
cold </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">mencapai puncaknya pada usia 1-5
tahun, yaitu dengan frekuensi 7-8 kali setahun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span lang="EN-US">Di Amerika common cold</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> menyerang 15% dari populasi pekerja selama waktu musim dingin dan
bertangung jawab terhadap hampir setengah dari populasi yang absen kerja dan
seperempat dari total kehilangan waktu bekerja.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anak lebih
sering terkena </span><a href="http://www.inspirasisehat.com/iliadin" marked="1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">common
cold </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">karena mereka belum memiliki sistem
pertahanan terhadap banyak virus, mereka sulit menjaga kebersihan diri, dan
mereka sering berkontak dengan anak lain yang sedang terinfeksi virus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas tentang common cold,
kelompok tertarik untuk membahas tentang penyakit common cold saluran
pernapasan, secara lebih mendalam dalam sebuah makalah ilmiah sehingga
mahasiswa dan mahasiswi dapat mengetahui lebih jauh mengenai common cold dan
dapat memberikan asuhan keperawatan terhadap klien dengan baik dan benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">T</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ujuan Penulisan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan Umum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui konsep penyakit common
cold secara teoritis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan Khusus </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai salah satu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
kegiatan perkuliahan Keperawatan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem Respirasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui
konsep </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">toritis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dari Penyakit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Common cold</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengetahui
Asuhan Keperawatan pada klien dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Common cold.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">etode Penulisan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam penulisan makalah ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
menggunakan metode deskri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tif yaitu
dengan penjabaran masalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">masalah yang
ada dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menggunakan studi kepustakaan dari
literatur yang ada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> baik di perpustakaan maupun di media internet sebagai pelengkap.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">S</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">istematika Penulisan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Makalah ini terdiri dari 3 bab yang
disusun dengan sistematika penulisan sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 360.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">endahuluan terdiri dari latar belakang,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan penulisan, metode penulisan dan
sistematika penulisan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 360.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">II</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">injauan
teoriti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> terdiri dari Anatomi fisiologi system pernapasan, konsep penyakit, dan
konsep asuhan keperawatan teoritis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 360.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Penutup yang terdiri
dari kesimpulan dan saran.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TINJAUAN TOERI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Review Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Pernapasan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pernapasan adalah proses pertukaran
gas dalam paru. Oksigen berdifusi ke dalam darah dan pada saat yang sama karbon
dioksida dikeluarkan dari darah. Udara dialirkan menuju unit pertukaran gas
melalui jalan napas. Secara umum suatu proses pernapasan memerlukan tiga
subunitini terdiri atas beberapa organ. Jalan napas terdiri dari atas hidung,
sinus, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">faring</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jalan
napas bawah terdiri dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">laring,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
trakea dan bronkus serta percabangannya. Unit pertukaran gas terdiri atas
bagian distal bronkus terminal (bronkiolus respiratorius), duktus alveolaris,
sakus alveolaris, dan alveoli yang kesemuanya disebut sebagai asinus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gambar: 2.1 Anatomi Organ Sistem Pernapasan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumber : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Higler, Adam Boies.
1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku ajar penyakit THT</i>.
Jakarta; EGC</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem
Pernapasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada orang normal, udara masuk ke dalam paru melalui lubang hidung.
Rongga hidung dibagi menjadi dua bagian oleh sekat (septum nasal) dan pada
masing-masing sisi lateral rongga hidung terdapat tiga saluran yang dibentuk akibat
penonjolan turbinasi (konka). Rongga hidung dilapisi oleh mukosa yang banyak
mengandung vaskuler dan juga ditumbuhi bulu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saat menghirup
napas (inhalasi), udara akan mengalami penyaringan terhadap partikel-partikel
debu dan kotoran oleh bulu-bulu yang setiap saat dan juga pada mukosa hidung.
Bulu hidung (vibrissae) efektif untuk menyaring debu atau partikel yang
terkandung dalam udara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dalam ukuran hingga 10mm. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terdapat tiga fungsi utama hidung yaitu, sebagai penyaring</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (filter)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,
penghangat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dan pelembab (humidifikasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
udara yang dihirup. Mukosa hidung setiap saat mengeluarkan mukus yang
diproduksi oleh sel-sel goblet dan glandula serosa yang juga berfungsi untuk
memerangkap kotoran udara. Adanya turbulasi udara yang masuk ke hidung akibat
struktur konka, menyebabkan udara berputar dan terpapar secara maksimal dengan
dinding mukosa. Akibatnya, kotoran yang mungkin terkandung dalam udara akan
menempel pada dinding mukosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus Paranalis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus paranalis adalah rongga dalam tulang tengkorak yang terletak
di dekat hidung dan mata. Terdapat empat sinus, yaitu sinus frontalis,
etmoidalis, sfenodialis, dan maksilaris. Sinus di lapisi oleh mukosa hidung dan
epitel kolumnar bertingkat semu yang bersilia. Fungsi sinus adalah memperingan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">berat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">tulang
tengkorak, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">membantu menghangatkan dan humidifikasi,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">memproduksi mukosserosa yang
dialirkan ke hidung, dan menimbulkan resonansi suara sehingga memberi
karakteristik suara yang berbeda pada tiap individu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faring atau tenggoro</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> adalah rongga
yang menghubungkan antara hidung dan rongga mulut ke laring. Faring dibagi
dalam tiga area, yaitu nasal, oral, dan laring. Faring nasal atau disebut
nasofaring terdapat kelenjar adenoid dan muara tuba eustachii. Faring oral atau
disebut juga orofaring berlokasi dimulut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Faring berfungsi untuk proses menelan dan
pernapasan (respirasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem Pernapasan Bawah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Laring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Laring dis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> juga sebagai
kotak suara karena pita suara terdapat disini. Laring terletak di sisi inferior
faring dan menghubungkan fa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ring</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan trakea.
Batas bawah dari laring sejajar dengan vertebrata servikalis keenam. Bagian
atas terdapat glotis yang dapat bergerak menutup pintu laring oleh epiglotis
saat terjadi proses menelan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada laring juga terdapat tiroid, tulang krikoid, dan kartilago
aritenoid. Epiglotis merupakan daun katup kartilago yang menutupi ostium selama
menelan, glotis merupakan ostium antara pita suara dalam laring. Terdapat juga
kertilago tiroid, yang merupakan kartilago terbesar pada faring dan sebagian
membentuk jakun (Addam’s apple). Kartilago krikoid merupakan satu-satunya
cincin kartilago yang lengkap dalam laring. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kartilago aritenoid digunakan dalam gerakan pita suara, sedangkan
pita suara itu sendiri merupakan ligamen yang dikont</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">rol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
oleh gerakan otot yang menghasilkan suara. Pita suara melekat pada lumen
laring. Fungsi laring adalah memisahkan makanan dan udara, fonasi atau menghasilkan
suara dan insiasi timbulnya batuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan bersin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dari
saluran napas bagian atas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Trakea </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Trakea disebut juga pipa udara,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan organ
sil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ndris sepanjang sekitar 10-12 cm (pada dewasa) dan berdiameter 1,5
– 2,5 cm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">terletak digaris tengah leher dan pada garis tengah sternum. Trakea
memanjang dari kartilago krikoid pada laring hingga bronkus di torak. Trakea
terdiri atas otot polos dengan sekitar 20 cincin kartilago inkomplet dan
ditutupi oleh membran fibroelastik. Dinding posterior trakea tidak disokong
oleh kartilago dan hanya terdapat membaran fibroelastik yang menyekat trakea
dan esofagus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Trakea berfungsi untuk proses masuknya udara dari saluran pernapasan
atas ke paru-paru dan untuk mengeluarkan lendir (mukus) yang diperankan oleh
silia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Percabangan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ronkial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Percabangan bronkial atau disebut juga pohon bronkial adalah jalan
napas berikutnya yang menghubungkan jalan napas atas hingga unit asinus.
Bronkus primer berasal dari percabangan trakea menjadi dua cabang utama
setinggi karina. Karina terletak sekitar iga kedua atau pada vertrebata torakal
kelima. Terdapat banyak reseptor batuk pada karina. Bronkus utama kiri memiliki
sudut lebih tajam dibandingkan bronkus kanan sehingga aspirasi cenderung
terjadi masuk ke dalam bronkus kanan. Bronkus kiri lebih sempit dan lebih
panjang daripada bronkus kanan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bronkus dibentuk pada kartilago dan otot. Cincin kartilago
inkomplet seperti pada trakea ditemukan juga pada bronkus utama dan bronkus
lobus bawah. Sedikit cincin kartilago komplet terdapat pada bronkus lobaris dan
bronkus segmental. Pada bronkus kecil dan bronkiolus, terdapat jaringan konektif
elastik yang membantu kepatenan jalan napas. Pada bronkus kecil dan bronkiolus
tidak ada lagi tulang kartilago, hanya terdapat otot yang memiliki kemampuan
rekoil elastik.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Bronkus berfungsi sebagai percabagan dari trakea agar udara dapat
dimasukkan kedalam paru-paru dan saluran udara dapat berjalan secara optimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lveolus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Unit pernapasan terminal atau disebut juga </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">alveolus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
merupakan tempat terjadinya pertukaran gas. Unit ini terdiri atas bronkiolus
respiratoirus, duktus alveolaris, sakus alveolaris, dan alveolus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Duktus
alveolaris berasal dari bronkiolus respiratorius. Alveoli muncul dari duktus
alveolaris. Duktus alveolaris selanjunya berdilatasi membentuk sakus alveolaris
sehingga berbentuk seperti buah anggur.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Alveolus berfungsi sebagai tempat
pertukaran gas yang terjadi antara oksigen (O2) dan carbondioksida (CO2).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paru-paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paru-paru merupakan sebuah alat tubuh yang
sebagian besar terdiri dari gelembung (gelembung hawa, alveoli). Paru-paru
dibagi menjadi dua, paru-paru kanan yang terdiri dari 3 lobus (belah paru),
lobus pulmo dekstra superior, lobus media dan lobus inferior. Tiap lobus
tersusun oleh lobules. Dan paru-paru kiri terdiri dari dua lobus, pulmo
sinistra lobus superior, dan lobus inferior. Fungsi paru-paru adalah sebagai
organ saluran pernapasan yang terakhir, yang didalamnya terjadi pertukaran gas
O2 dan CO2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep Penyakit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Definisi Common cold</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Common
Cold</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (pilek,
selesma) adalah suatu reaksi inflamasi saluran pernapasan yang disebabkan oleh
infeksi virus. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Common Cold merupakan infeksi primer di
nasofaring dan hidung yang sering dijumpai. Pada infeksi lebih luas, mencakup
daerah sinus paranasal, telinga tengah samping nasofaring disertai demam tinggi,
flu biasa (juga dikenal sebagai nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis virus akut, coryza
akut, atau dingin), (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suzanne C.
Smeltzer. 2002).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyakit
ini merupakan penyakit virus yang paling sering ditemukan pada manusia.
Penyebabnya ialah beberapa jenis virus dan yang paling penting adalah
Rhinovorus. Penyakit ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan salah satu penyakit yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menular dan gejala dapat timbul sebagai akibat tidak adanya
kekebalan atau menurunnya daya tahan tubuh (kedinginan, kelelahan, adanya
penyakit menahun, dll)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara kolektif, pilek, influenza, dan infeksi
saluran pernafasan atas (URTI) dengan gejala serupa termasuk dalam diagnosis
penyakit seperti influenza</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suzanne C.
Smeltzer tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2002, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyakit <i>common cold</i> disebabkan oleh virus yang banyak terdapat
pada cuaca yang dingin dan lembab. Adapun berbagai virus yang berbeda
menyebabkan terjadinya common cold sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinovirus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rhinovira
adalah agen yang paling umum infeksi virus pada manusia, dan agen penyebab
pilek (sekitar 49,12159% dari kasus flu biasa disebabkan oleh virus ini). Ada
lebih dari 100 jenis yang diakui rhinovira yang berbeda berdasarkan berbagai
protein mereka permukaan. Rhinovira adalah di antara Vira terkecil, dengan
diameter sekitar hanya 30 nanometer (Vira lain seperti cacar dan vaccinia Vira
adalah 10 kali lebih besar pada sekitar 300 nanometer). <span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;">Para peneliti telah mempelajari rhinovirus-menyebabkan
pilek lebih dari pilek lainnya. Pilek rhinovirus-disebabkan yang paling menular
selama tiga hari pertama gejala. Mereka menjadi jauh kurang menular setelah
tiga hari</span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus <i>Influenza</i> <i>A, B, C</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Influenza</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, <span class="hps">biasanya disebut sebagai</span> <span class="hps">flu,</span>
<span class="hps">merupakan penyakit</span> <span class="hps">menular yang
disebabkan</span> <span class="hps">oleh virus</span> <span class="hps">RNA dari</span>
<span class="hps">keluarga</span> <span class="hps">Orthomyxoviridae</span> <span class="hps">(</span>virus <span class="hps">influenza</span>), <span class="hps">yang
mempengaruhi</span> <span class="hps">burung dan</span> <span class="hps">mamalia</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ini memiliki
satu spesies, virus influenza A. Burung air liar merupakan host alami untuk
berbagai macam influenza A. Kadang-kadang, virus yang dikirim ke spesies lain
dan kemudian dapat menyebabkan wabah pada unggas domestik yang menghancurkan
atau menimbulkan pandemi influenza manusia. Tipe A virus yang paling patogen
manusia virulen di antara ketiga jenis influenza dan menyebabkan penyakit yang
paling para</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Influenza
virus bisa dibagi lagi menjadi serotipe yang berbeda berdasarkan pada respon
antibodi terhadap virus ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Para serotipe
yang telah dikonfirmasi pada manusia, diperintahkan oleh jumlah kematian
pandemi yang dikenal manusia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ini memiliki
satu spesies, influenza B virus. Influenza B hampir secara eksklusif
menginfeksi manusia dan kurang umum dari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pada influenza
A. Satu-satunya hewan lain diketahui rentan terhadap infeksi influenza B segel
dan musang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jenis influenza
bermutasi pada laju. 2-3 kali lebih lambat dari tipe A dan akibatnya kurang
genetik beragam, dengan hanya satu influenza B serotipe</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagai
hasil dari kurangnya keragaman antigenik, derajat kekebalan terhadap influenza
B. biasanya diperoleh pada usia dini. Namun, influenza B bermutasi cukup bahwa
kekebalan abadi adalah tidak mungkin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hal ini
mengurangi tingkat perubahan antigen, dikombinasikan dengan kisaran inang yang
terbatas (lintas spesies antigenic shift menghambat), memastikan bahwa pandemi
influenza B tidak terjadi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ini memiliki
satu spesies, influenza C virus, yang menginfeksi manusia, anjing dan babi,
kadang-kadang menyebabkan baik penyakit parah dan epidemi lokal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Namun,
influenza C kurang umum daripada jenis lainnya dan biasanya hanya menyebabkan
penyakit ringan pada anak-anak.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus <i>Parainfluenza</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">arainfluenza
virus (HPIVs) adalah penyebab umum penyakit saluran pernapasan pada bayi dan
anak kecil. Masing-masing dari empat HPIVs memiliki fitur yang berbeda klinis
dan epidemiologi. Fitur klinis yang paling khas dari HPIV-1 dan HPIV-2 adalah
croup (yaitu, laryngotracheobronchitis atau pembengkakan di sekitar pita suara
dan bagian lain dari saluran napas atas dan menengah); HPIV-1 adalah penyebab
utama croup pada anak-anak, sedangkan HPIV -2 kurang sering terdeteksi. HPIV-3
ini lebih sering dikaitkan dengan bronkiolitis (pembengkakan pada saluran udara
kecil yang mengarah ke paru-paru) dan pneumonia. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">HPIVs dapat menyebabkan infeksi berulang dengan
semua serotipe sepanjang hidup. Infeksi ulang biasanya dimanifestasikan oleh
penyakit saluran pernafasan atas (misalnya, tenggorokan, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bersin-bersin, hidung tersumbat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">). HPIVs juga dapat menyebabkan penyakit serius
saluran pernapasan bawah dengan infeksi berulang (misalnya, pneumonia,
bronkitis, dan bronchiolitis), terutama di kalangan orang dewasa yang lebih tua
dan pasien dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh berkompromi. Masa inkubasi (waktu dari
paparan virus untuk timbulnya gejala) untuk HPIVs biasanya berkisar antara 2
sampai 7 hari.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus <i>Sinsisial</i> Pernafasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">V</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">irus sinsial pernapasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> menyebar dari sekret pernafasan
melalui kontak langsung dengan orang
yang terinfeksi atau kontak dengan bahan
yang terinfeksi. Infeksi dapat terjadi jika
bahan yang terinfeksi mengenai mata, mulut
atau hidung atau melalui inhalasi droplet
(percikan ludah/ingus) saat penderita bersin
dan batuk. Di daerah iklim
sedang, infeksi RSV biasanya menjadi wabah tahunan selama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bulan pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">musim gugur, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dingin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">permulaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> musim</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> semi, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">puncaknya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> musim</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">din</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">in. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">RSV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> akan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menyebar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">secara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">luas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">anak</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">‐</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">anak, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">serologi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">anak</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">‐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">nak umur kurang dari 2 tahun menunjukkan antibodi terhadap RSV. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semuanya mudah ditularkan melalui ludah yang dibatukkan atau dibersinkan
oleh penderita. Common cold biasanya tidak berbahaya dan kebanyakan dapat
sembuh dengan sendirinya. Belum diketahui apa yang menyebabkan seseorang lebih
mudah tertular pilek pada suatu saat dibandingkan waktu lain. Kedinginan tidak
menyebabkan pilek atau meningkatkan resiko untuk tertular. Kesehatan penderita
secara umum dan kebiasaan makan seseorang juga tampaknya tidak berpengaruh.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Patofisiologi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chalene J. Reeves
tahun 2001, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">common cold</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> disebabkan
oleh infeksi virus di bagian paling atas tenggorokan (nasofaring), yang
berjalan dari belakang hidung ke mulut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus flu biasa
ditularkan terutama dari kontak dengan air liur atau cairan hidung dari orang
yang terinfeksi, baik secara langsung, ketika orang yang sehat bernafas dalam
aerosol virus-sarat dihasilkan ketika orang yang terinfeksi batuk atau bersin,
atau dengan menyentuh permukaan yang terkontaminasi dan kemudian menyentuh
hidung atau mata. Gejala yang tidak diperlukan untuk pelepasan virus atau
transmisi, sebagai persentase dari pameran subyek tanpa gejala virus dalam
penyeka hidung. Hal ini umumnya tidak mungkin untuk mengidentifikasi jenis
virus melalui gejala, walaupun influenza dapat dibedakan dengan demam mendadak,
onset, dan batuk. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Titik masuk utama bagi virus biasanya hidung,
tetapi juga dapat menjadi mata (dalam hal ini kasus drainase ke nasofaring akan
terjadi melalui duktus nasolacrimal). Dari sana, diangkut ke bagian belakang
hidung dan daerah adenoid. Virus kemudian menempel pada reseptor, ICAM-1, yang
terletak pada permukaan sel-sel lapisan nasofaring. Reseptor cocok ke port
docking pada permukaan virus. Sejumlah besar virus reseptor hadir pada sel-sel
adenoid. Setelah lampiran ke reseptor, virus dibawa ke dalam sel, di mana ia
mulai infeksi, dan meningkatkan ICAM-1 produksi, yang pada gilirannya membantu
respon imun terhadap virus pilek rhinovirus biasanya tidak menyebabkan
kerusakan pada epitel hidung. Makrofag memicu produksi sitokin, yang
dikombinasikan dengan mediator menyebabkan gejala. Sitokin menyebabkan efek
sistemik. Mediator bradikinin memainkan peran utama dalam menyebabkan gejala
lokal seperti sakit tenggorokan dan iritasi hidung. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cuaca dingin dapat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> membatasi diri, dan sistem kekebalan inang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
efektif </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">akan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">berhubungan
dengan infeksi. Dalam beberapa hari, respon humoral kekebalan tubuh mulai
memproduksi antibodi spesifik yang dapat mencegah virus dari sel </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang terinfeksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Selain itu, sebagai bagian dari respon
kekebalan yang diperantarai sel, leukosit menghancurkan virus melalui
fagositosis dan menghancurkan sel yang terinfeksi untuk mencegah replikasi
virus lebih lanjut. Dalam sehat, individu imunokompeten, pilek sembuh dalam
tujuh hari rata-rata</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, (Adam Boies Higler,
1997).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Skema 2.1 : Skema
Patofisiologi Common Cold</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cuaca dingin</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Daya
tahan tubuh menurun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inhalasi Droplet</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebersihan udara yang buruk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Virus masuk via saluran</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pernapasan</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menempel pada reseptor</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peradangan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aktivasi mediator kimia</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peningkatan produksi mukus</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
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<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obstruksi jalan napas</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
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<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gangguan pertukaran gas</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
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<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hipoksia jaringan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masuk ke dalam sel</span></div>
</div>
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumber : Higler, Adam
Boies. 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku ajar penyakit THT</i>.
Jakarta; EGC</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manifestasi Klinis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Barbara C. Long tahun 2001, manifestasi klinis pada penyakit common cold
sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Batuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Batuk yang terdapat dahak </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">atau tanpa
dahak seringkali berlangsung sampai minggu kedua.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Batuk</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span class="hps">menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">influenza</span>
<span class="hps">daripada</span> <span class="hps">saluran pernapasan atas</span> <span class="hps">virus dengan</span> <span class="hps">nilai prediksi</span> <span class="hps">positif</span> <span class="hps">sekitar 80</span>%. </span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sakit tengorokan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Indikasi</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span class="hps">pertama dari</span> <span class="hps">virus</span> <span class="hps">pernapasan bagian atas</span> <span class="hps">sering</span> <span class="hps">sakit tenggorokan</span> <span class="hps">atau gatal</span>. <span class="hps">Gejala</span> <span class="hps">umum lain adalah</span> <span class="hps">pilek, hidung</span>, <span class="hps">dan bersin.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung tersumbat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidung tersumbat merupakan
tanda yang sering ditemukan pada penderita common cold, disebabkan oleh
produksi mucus atau sekresi yang banyak pada saluran napas, yang menghambat
pernapasan menjadi tidak adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nyeri otot</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inflamasi pada saluran
napas atas dapat menimbulkan nyeri, yang bisa menyebar ke otot-otot tubuh,
ditambah lagi daya tahan tubuh yang buruk disebabkan oleh masuknya virus
didalam tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelelahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelelahan dapat terjadi
pada penderita common cold yang disebabkan oleh daya tahan tubuh yang buruk,
yang menyebabkan keadaan tubuh cepat mengalami kelelahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sakit kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada penderita common
cold sering juga disertai dengan sakit kepala, karena terdapat sumbatan pada
hidungnya, dikarenakan mucus yang terlalu banyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demam </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menunjukkan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span class="hps">influenza</span> <span class="hps">dari</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span class="hps">saluran pernapasan atas</span> <span class="hps">virus dengan</span> <span class="hps">nilai prediksi</span> <span class="hps">positif</span> <span class="hps">sekitar
80</span>%. <span class="hps">Gejala mungkin</span> <span class="hps">lebih parah</span>
<span class="hps">pada bayi dan anak</span> <span class="hps">muda, dan</span> <span class="hps">dalam kasus ini</span> <span class="hps">mungkin termasuk demam</span> <span class="hps">dan gatal-gatal</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demam sering hadir sehingga menciptakan suatu
gambaran gejala yang tumpang tindih dengan influenza</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Namun gejala
influenza biasanya lebih parah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tidak nafsu makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penderita common cold
tidak mempunyai nafsu makan yang baik, karena terpengaruh oleh inflamasi yang
terdapat pada jalan napas atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><span class="longtext"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor</span></b></span><span class="longtext"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Risiko</span></b></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suzanne C. Smeltzer tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2002, factor resiko dapat terjadi pada
penyakit common cold, sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pola kebersihan diri yang buruk ( kebiasaan
tidak mencuci tangan ).</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menghabiskan waktu di daerah tertutup dengan orang yang terinfeksi
atau kontak dekat dengan orang yang terinfeksi. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cuaca yang dingin dan </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kelembaban rendah meningkatkan tingkat penularan virus.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">R</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">iwayat merokok </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pola istirahat tidur yang kurang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suzanne C. Smeltzer tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2002,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pemeriksaan penunjang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dilakukan
pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penderita common cold, sebagai
berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan darah</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">/Hematologi</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">D</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ilakukan
apabila gejala sudah berlangsung selama lebih 10 hari atau dengan demam >
37,8°C.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan histopatologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ditemukan jaringan granulasi submukosa dan
yang karakteristiknya adalah ditemukannya sel plasma, limfosit, eosinofil dan
diantaranya tersebar sel-sel Mikulicz, yaitu sel-sel yang besar, intinya
ditengah dan mempunyai vakuol yang berisi basil Frisch. Juga didapati Russel
bodies yang berasal dari sel plasma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan Bakteriologik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan menemukan kuman penyebab dari biakan
bahan biopsy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemeriksaan Serologik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan tes pengikatan komplemen (complement
fixation test) berdasarkan reaksi serum penderita dengan suspensi kuman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Chalene J. Reeves tahun 2001, pengobatan pada penderita common
cold ada dua cara, sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terapi Farmakologi</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antibiotik tidak efektif untuk mengobati <i>common cold</i>,
antibiotik hanya diberikan jika terjadi suatu infeksi bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk meringankan nyeri atau demam dapat diberikan asetaminofen atau
ibuprofen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada penderita dengan riwayat alergi, dapat diberikan antihistamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menghirup uap atau kabut dari suatu <i>vaporizer</i> bisa
membantu mengencerkan sekret dan mengurangi sesak di dada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mencuci rongga hidung dengan larutan garam <i>isotonik</i> bisa
membantu mengeluarkan sekret yang kental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Batuk merupakan satu-satunya cara untuk membuang sekret dan <i>debris</i> dari
saluran pernafasan. Oleh karena itu sebaiknya batuk tidak perlu diobati,
kecuali jika sangat mengganggu dan menyebabkan penderita susah tidur.
Jika batuknya hebat, bisa diberikan obat anti batuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Usahakan untuk beristirahat dan selalu dalam keadaan hangat dan nyaman, serta
diusakahan agar tidak menularkan penyakitnya kepada orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika terdapat demam atau gejala yang berat, maka penderita harus
menjalani <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tirah baring di rumah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Minum banyak cairan guna membantu mengencerkan sekret hidung sehingga
lebih mudah untuk dikeluarkan/dibuang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pencegahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Chalene J. Reeves tahun 2001, b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">erikut beberapa cara pencegahan yang dapat
dilakukan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jagalah kebersihan diri
dan lingkungan.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mencuci tangan dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">air dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sabun biasa. Tindakan mekanis menggosok tangan
dengan sabun biasa, pembilasan, dan pengeringan secara fisik menghilangkan partikel
virus dari tangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan, membuang tisu
kotor pada tempatnya serta membersihkan permukaan barang-barang.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Vitamin C dosis tinggi
(2000 mg per hari) belum terbukti bisa mengurangi resiko tertular atau
mengurangi jumlah virus yang dikeluarkan oleh seorang penderita.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alkohol pembersih tangan berbahan dasar sangat
sedikit memberikan perlindungan terhadap infeksi saluran pernapasan atas,
terutama di kalangan anak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena flu biasa disebabkan oleh virus, bukan
bakteri, sabun anti-bakteri tidak lebih baik dari sabun biasa untuk
menghilangkan virus dari permukaan kulit atau lainnya.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yodium berair telah ditemukan untuk anda
menghilangkan virus dingin pada kulit manusia, bagaimanapun yodium tidak dapat
diterima untuk penggunaan umum sebagai pengobatan tangan virucidal karena luntur
dan mengeringkan kulit. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsep Asuhan Keperawatan Teoritis</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengkajian</span></b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat kesehatan
klien yang lengkap yang menunjukkan kemungkinan tanda dan gejala. Menetapkan
kapan gejala mulai timbul, apa yang menjadi pencetusnya, apa jika ada yang
dapat menghilangkan atau meringankan gejala tersebut, dan apa yang memperburuk
gejala tersebut adalah bagian dari pengkajian, juga menidentifikasi setiap
riwayat alergi atau adanya penyakit yang timbul bersamaan. Inspeksi menunjukkan
pembengkakan, lesi, atau asimetris hidung juga peradangan atau rabas. Mukosa
hidung diinspeksi terhadap temuan abnormal seperti warna kemerahan,
pembengkakan, atau eksudat, dan polip hidung, yang mungkin terjadi dalam
rhinitis kronis.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sinus frontal dan
maksilaris dipalpasi terhadap nyeri tekan, yang menunjukkan inflamasi.
Tenggorok diamati dengan meminta klien membuka mulutnya lebar-lebar dan napas
dalam. Tonsil dan faring diinspeksi terhadap temuan abnormal seperti warna
kemerahan, asimetris, atau adanya drainase, ulserasi, atau pembesaran. Trakea
dipalpasi terhadap posisi garis tengah dalam leher, dan setiap massa atau
deformitas diidentifikasi. Nodus limfe leher juga dipalpasi terhadap pembesaran
dan nyeri tekan yang berkaitan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan pada data pengkajian, diagnose
keperawatan utama klien dapat mencakup sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inefektif bersihan jalan napas yang berhubungan
dengan sekresi berlebihan sekunder akibat proses imflamsi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nyeri yang berhubungan dengan iritasi jalan napas
atas sekunder akibat infeksi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kerusakan komunikasi verbal yang berhubungan dengan
iritasi jalan napas atas sekunder akibat infeksi atau pembengkakan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Defisit volume cairan yang berhubungan dengan
peningkatan kehilangan cairan sekunder akibat diaphoresis yang berkaitan dengan
demam.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Defisit pengetahuan mengenai pencegahan infeksi
pernapasan atas, regimen pengobatan, prosedur khusus atau perawatan
pascaoperasi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perencanaan
dan Implementasi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan utama adalah
agar pasien dapat mencakup pemeliharaan patensi jalan napas, menghilangkan
nyeri, pemeliharaan cara efektif komunikasi, tidak terjadi deficit volume
cairan, dan pengetahuan tentang pencegahan infeksi jalan napas atas, dan tidak
terdapat komplikasi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi
Keperawatan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembersihan Jalan
Napas</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penumpukan sekresi
dapat menghambat jalan napas pada banyak pasien dengan inspeksi jalan napas
atas. Perubahan pola napas, dan upaya bernapas yang dibutuhkan untuk dapat
melewati sumbatan menjadi meningkat. Terdapat beberapa tindakan yang dapat
digunakan untuk mengencerkan sekresi yang kental atau untuk menjaga sekresi
basah sehingga dapat dikeluarkan dengan mudah. Meningkatkan masukan cairan
dapat membantu mengencerkan lender. Melembabkan lingkungan dengan <i>vaporizer </i>ruangan
atau menghirup uap juga dapat mengencerkan sekresi dan mengurangi inflamasi
membrane mukosa. Pasien diintruksikan tentang posisi yang terbaik untuk
meningkatkan drainase dari common cold, yang akan tergantung pada letak
infeksi. Sebagai contoh, drainase dari common cold dicapai dengan posisi tegak.
Pada beberapa kondisi, medikasi sistemik atau topical, bila diresepkan,
membantu untuk menghilangkan kongesti nasal atau tenggorok.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tindakan Meningkatkan
Kenyamanan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Infeksi saluran
pernapasan atas biasanya menghasilkan rasa tidak nyaman setempat. Perawat
mendorong pasien untuk menggunakan analgesic, seperti asetaminofen (Tylenol)
dengan kodein, sesuai yang diresepkan, yang akan membantu menghilangkan rasa
tidak nyaman pada pasien. Menyarankan pasien untuk istirahat akan membantu
menghilangkan rasa tidak nyaman umum atau demam yang menyertai ganguan jalan
napas atas (common cold). Perawat meninstruksikan pasien tentang tehnik hygiene
umum pada mulut dan hidung untuk membantu menghilangkan rasa tidak nyaman
setempat dan untukmencegah penyebaran infeksi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peningkatan
Komunikasi</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Infeksi saluran napas
atas dapat mengakibatkan suara serak atau kehilangan suara. Pasien
diinstruksikan untuk tidak terlalu banyak bicara. Regangan pita suara lebih
lanjut dapat menghambat pulihnya suara dengan sempurna.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memperbanyak Masukan
Cairan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada infeksi jalan
napas atas, upaya bernapas dan frekuensi pernapasan meningkat karena terjadi
inflamasi dan pembentukan sekresi. Hal ini selanjutnya, dapat meningkatkan
kehilangan cairan tidak kasat mata. Demam yang timnul meningkatkan laju
metabolic, yang mengakibatkan diaphoresis dan peningkatan kehilangan
cairan.Common cold disertai demam dapat menganggu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keinginan pasien untuk makan. Pasien
dianjurkan untuk minum 2-3 L cairan/hari selama infeksi jalan napas, kecuali
ada kontraindikasi, untuk mengencerkan sekresi dan meningkatkan drainase.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyuluhan Pasien</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyuluhan pasien
penting untuk mencegah infeksi dan penyebaran pada orang lain dan meminimalkan
komplikasi. Perawat menginstruksikan pasien tentang pentingnya tindakan
kesehatan yang baik. Diet yang bergizi, olah raga yang sesuai dan istirahat
serta tidur yang cukup, penting untuk mendukung daya tahan tubuh dan
menguranggi kerentanan terhadap infeksi pernapasan. Mencuci tangan masih
merupakan hal penting dalam mencegah penyebaran infeksi. Pembuangan tisu basah
dengan baik dan menutup mulut saat batuk juga harus ditekankan dalam program
penyuluhan untuk mencegah infeksi pernapasan atas berupa common cold.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">valuasi
Keperawatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasil yang diharapkan :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mempertahankan jalan
napas tetap paten dengan mengatasi sekresi.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melporkan penurunan
kongesti</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengambil posisi
terbaik untuk memudahkan drainase sekresi.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melaporkan perasaan
lebih nyaman.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengikuti tindakan
untuk mencapai kenyamanan berupa analgesic dan istirahat.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memperagakan hygiene
jalan napas yang adekuat.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menunjukkan kemampuan
untuk mengkomunikasikan kebutuhan, keinginan, dan tingkat kenyamanan.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mempertahankan
masukan cairan yang adekuat.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengindentifikasi
strategi untuk mencegah infeksi jalan napas atas dan reaksi alergi.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menunjukkan tingkat
pengetahuan yang cukup dan melakukan perawatan diri secara adekuat.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bebas dari tanda dan
gejala infeksi.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menunjukkan
tanda-tanda vital normal (Tekanan darah, suhu tubuh, frekuensi nadi, dan
pernapasan)</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tidak terdapat mucus.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bebas dari nyeri pada
area hidung atau saluran pernapasan atas.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Common
Cold</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (pilek, selesma) adalah suatu
reaksi inflamasi saluran pernapasan yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang banyak terdapat pada cuaca yang dingin dan lembab.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyakit
ini merupakan penyakit virus yang paling sering ditemukan pada manusia.
Penyebabnya ialah beberapa jenis virus dan yang paling penting adalah
Rhinovorus. Penyakit ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan salah satu penyakit yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">menular dan gejala dapat timbul sebagai akibat tidak adanya
kekebalan atau menurunnya daya tahan tubuh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manisfestasi klinis yang dapat timbul
berupa b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">atuk, sakit tengorokan,
hidung tersumbat, nyeri otot, kelelahan, sakit kepala, demam, dan tidak nafsu
makan. Pemeriksaan penunjang salah satunya adalah pemeriksaan darah,yang d</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ilakukan
apabila gejala sudah berlangsung selama lebih 10 hari atau dengan demam >
37,8°C.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengobatan penyakit common cold dapat dilakukan t</span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">erapi farmakologi, berupa</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> antibiotik tidak efektif untuk mengobati <i>common cold</i>, antibiotik
hanya diberikan jika terjadi suatu infeksi bakteri, untuk meringankan nyeri
atau demam dapat diberikan asetaminofen atau ibuprofen, pada penderita dengan
riwayat alergi, dapat diberikan antihistamin. Dan untuk perawatannya berupa, usahakan
untuk beristirahat dan selalu dalam keadaan hangat dan nyaman, serta diusakahan
agar tidak menularkan penyakitnya kepada orang lain, jika terdapat demam atau
gejala yang berat, maka penderita harus menjalani tirah baring di rumah, minum
banyak cairan guna membantu mengencerkan sekret hidung, sehingga lebih mudah
untuk dikeluarkan/dibuang. Pencegahan yang dilakukan dapat berupa menjaga
selalu kebersihan dan lingkungan yang dapat terkontaminasi terhadap virus dan
meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh agar dapat melawan virus yang masuk pada saluran
napas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervensi keperawatan yang dapat dilakukan pada penderita common cold
seperti pembersihan jalan napas klien dengan mengeluarkan mucus pada jalan
napas, memberikan kenyamanan klien dengan posisi yang fowler atau semifowler, memberikan
masukan cairan yang banyak, dan memberikan penyuluhan pada klien tengtang
penyakit common cold yang dapat tertular dengan orang lain melalui kontak
langsung atau lingkungan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
makalah ini kami membahas tentang penyakit saluran penapasan atas (common
cold), untuk itu kami menyarankan kepada mahasiswa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Agar dapat mengetahui dan memahami konsep penyakit
common cold dan konsep asuhan keperawatan teoritisnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Memahami definisi dari penyakit common cold, etiologi,
dan patofisiologi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengetahui
tanda dan gejala dari penyakit common cold, pengobatan dan pencegahan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengetahui
dan memahami konsep asuhan keperawatan dari penyakit common cold secara
teoritis.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Higler, Adam Boies. 1997. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku
ajar penyakit THT</i>. Jakarta; EGC</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suzanne C. Smeltzer. 2002. Perawatan Medikal Bedah. Jakarta; EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tamsuri Anas. 2008. Klien gangguan pernapasan. Jakarta; EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Barbara C. Long. 2001. Perawatan medical bedah. Bandung; C.V Mosby</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Chalene J. Reeves. 2001. Keperawatan medical bedah. Jakarta; Salemba
medika</span></div>
Ners AmmaRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17743315143081739375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-36413009212369439512017-06-03T06:05:00.002-07:002017-06-03T06:05:54.343-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN SISTEM HEMATOLOGI : LEUKIMIA<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Latar Belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sejarah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kasus pertama leukemia dilaporkan oleh
velpeaupada tahun 1827. Pasiennya seorang penjual limun berumur 63 tahun, jatuh
sakit pada tahun 1825 dengan gejala pembengkaan perut, demam dan rasa lelah.
Penderita tersebut meninggal segara sesudah masuk rumah sakit; pada autopsy
ditemukan pembesaran hati dan limpa yang hebat. Darahnya kental, menyerupai
ragi pembuat anggur merah, Velpeau meragukan apakah itu darah atau nanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pada tahun 1839 Barth dan donne melaporkan
hasil pemerisaan darah pada seorang penderitayang mereka katakan sebagai mocus
globulesyang tidak dapat dibedakan dari nanah. Baru pada tahun 1845 leukimia
dilaporkansebagai suatu kesatuanpenyakit oleh Bennett dan Virchow.
Masing-masing melaporkan secara terpisah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pada pesien Virchow pembuluh darahnya berisi
cairan putih kuning kehijauan dan di bawah mikroskopterlihat seperti leukosit
normal yang besar, dengan sedikit sel darah merah. Karenasel darah yang tidak
berwarna jauh lebih banyak dari pada warna merah, Virchow menyebutkan sebagai
darah putih. Bennet menganggap penderitannya mengalami pernanahan darah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Beberapa tahun kemudian Virchow yakin bahwa
pasti tidak ada pernanahan darah dan kemudian pada tahun 1847 menyebutkan
penyakit ini leukemia. Ia bahkan telah dapat membedakan 2 jenis leukemia, yaitu
jenis splenic dan lymphatic. Leukemia splenik atau ;iena disertai pembesaran
limpa, sedangkan leukimialimfatik terutama dengan pembesaran kelenjar getah
bening.freidreich pada tahun 1857 menyebutkan 2 jenis leukemia yaitu kronik dan
akut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Teori bahwa darah dibentuk disumsum tulang
mula-mula dilontarkan oleh Neumann pada tahun 1870. Ia juga menambahkan bahwa
selain splenik dan limfatik, juga ada leukemia jenis mielogenik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pada akhir abad 19 dan awal abad ke 20
dokter-dokter dibinggungkan oleh istilah-istilah : pseudoleukemia,
leukosarkoma, kloroma, limfosarkoma, mielosis dan lain-lain. Membinggungkan
karena pada waktuitu satu istilah dipakai untuk beberapa jenis penyakit dan
belum ada gefinisi yang jelas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">B.
Tujuan Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun tujuan penulisan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan Umum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami
asuhan keper</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">awatan pada pasien
dengan Leukimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tujuan Khusus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mahasiswa mam</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pu mengetahui pengertian Leukimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mahasiswa ma</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">mpu menyebutkan penyebab Leukimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mahasiswa mampu mengetahui diagnosa-diagnosa yang
mu</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ngkin muncul pada pasien
Leukimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mahasiswa mampu memahami
penatalaks</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">anaan pada pasien
dengan \Leukimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">C.
Metode Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dalam penulisan makalah ini kami menggunakan metode deskriptif yaitu melalui
studi kepustakaan dengan mempelajari buku-buku dan sumber-sumber lainya untuk
mendapatkan dasar-dasar ilmiah yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan dalam
laporan ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">D.
Ruang Lingkup Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dalam penulisan makalah ini kelompok hanya membatasi penulisan tentang
Leukimia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">E.
Sistematika Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun sistematika penulisan adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BAB I:
Pendahuluan yang terdiri atas:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> latar belakang, tujuan penulisan, metode penulisan,
ruang lingkup penulisan, sistematika penulisan, sistematika penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BAB II: tujuan teoritis yang terdiri atas: definisi leukimia, klasifikasi(
etiologi, patofisiologi, manifestasi klinis, penatalaksanaan medis, komplikasi,
pencegahan , pemeriksaan diagnostik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BAB III: Asuhan keperawatan leukimia yang terdiri atas: pengkajian,
diagnosa keperawatan, perencanaan keperawatan, evaluasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">BAB IV: Penutup yang terdiri atas: kesimpulan Dan saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN TEORITIS</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi
Fisiologi Sel Darah Putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukosit(sel
darah putih) adalah unit-unit yang dapat bergerak dalam suatu pertahanan tubuh,
keadaan tubuh dan sifat-sifat leukosit berlainan dengan eritrosit dan apabila
kita periksa dan kita lihat dibawah mikroskop maka akan terlihat. Bentuknya
dapat berubah-ubah dan mempunyai bermacam-macam inti sel sehingga dia dapat
dibedakan berdasarkan inti sel nya, warnanya bening(tidak berwarna) banyaknya
dalam 1mm3 darah kira-kira 6000-9000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
5 jenis leukosit yang bersirkulasi baik yang mempunyai granula maupun yang
tidak bergranula yang dikenal sebagai granulosit dan agranulosit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam
leukosit meliputi agranulosit dan granulosit:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agranulosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Limfosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam limfosit
yang dihasilkan dari jaringan rtikulum endothelial system dan kelenjar limfe,
bentuknya ada yang kecil ada yang besar didalam sitoplasma tidak terdapat
granula dan intinya besar. Fungsinya sebagai pembuluh dan pemakan bakteri yang
masuk kedalam jaringan tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam limfosit
yang terbanyak dibuat disumsum merah lebih besar daripada limfosit. Fungsinya
sebagai fagosit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Granulosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neutrofil
/ folimur nucleus leukosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai inti
sel yang barang kali kadang-kadang seperti terpisah-pisah. Protoplasma nya
banyak bintiik-bintik halus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eusinofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran dan
bentuknya hampir sama dengan netrofil tetapi granula dan sitiplasamanya lebih
besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel ini kecil
daripada eusotonofil tetapi mempunyai inti yang bentuknya teratur didalam
protoplasmanaya terdapat granula-granula besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Leukosit mempunyai 2 fungsi didalam tubuh
manusia yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
pengangkut yaitu: mengangkut dan membawa zat lemak dari dinding usus melalui
limfe dan terus kepembuluh darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
berserdadu tubuh yaitu bertugas membunuh dan memakan bibit penyakit/bakteri
didalam limfe dan kelenjar limfe. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="291" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="324" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 1. Tanda dan gejala leukimia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://ilmu-ilmukeperawatan.blogspot.com/2009/03/download-asuhan-keperawatan-gawat.html</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
Dasar Penyakit Leukimia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia adalah jenis gangguan pada
system hematopoietic yang fatal dan terkait dengan sumsum tulang dan pembulu
Lymphe ditandai dengan tidak terkendalianya proliferasi dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>leokcoyte dan prosedirnya.(Barbara C. Long,1996)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia adalah poriferasi sel leukosit
yang abnormal,ganas, sering disertai bentuk leukosit yang lain daripada normal,
jumlahnya berlebihan dan dapat memyebabkan anemia, trombositopenia dan diakhiri
dengan kematian. ( Djoerban Zubairi,dkk.1990)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia
adalah neoplasma akut atau kronis dari sel-sel pembentuk darah dalam sumsum
tulang dan limfa nadi (Reeves, 2001). Sifat khas leukemia adalah proliferasi
tidak teratur atau akumulasi sel darah putih dalam sumusm tulang, menggantikan
elemen sumsum tulang normal. Juga terjadi proliferasi di hati, limpa dan nodus
limfatikus, dan invasi organ non hematologis, seperti meninges, traktus
gastrointesinal, ginjal dan kulit.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia merupakan penyakit keganasan
sel darh putih yang berasal dari sumsum tulang, ditanadai dengan porifer
sel-sel darah putih, denagn manifestasi adanya sel-sel abnormal dalam darah
tepi.(Permono, Bambang.2005)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumsum tulang </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" marked="1" title="Bahasa Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Inggris</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: <i>bone
marrow, medulla ossea</i>) adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" marked="1" title="Jaringan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jaringan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> lunak yang
ditemukan pada rongga interior </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" marked="1" title="Tulang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang
merupakan tempat produksi sebagian besar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_darah" marked="1" title="Sel darah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel darah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> baru. Ada
dua jenis sumsum tulang:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sumsum merah, dikenal juga sebagai <i>jaringan
myeloid</i>. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" marked="1" title="Sel darah merah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sel darah merah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keping_darah" marked="1" title="Keping darah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keping darah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, dan
sebagian besar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_darah_putih" marked="1" title="Sel darah putih"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel darah putih</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dihasilkan
dari sumsum merah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sumsum kuning. Sumsum kuning
menghasilkan sel darah putih dan warnanya ditimbulkan oleh sel-sel </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" marked="1" title="Lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lemak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang banyak
dikandungnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua tipe
sumsum tulang tersebut mengandung banyak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_darah" marked="1" title="Pembuluh darah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapiler_darah&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Kapiler darah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kapiler darah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.Sewaktu
lahir, semua sumsum tulang adalah sumsum merah. Seiring dengan pertumbuhan,
semakin banyak yang berubah menjadi sumsum kuning. Orang dewasa memiliki
rata-rata 2,6 kg sumsum tulang yang sekitar setengahnya adalah sumsum merah.
Sumsum merah ditemukan terutama pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulang_pipih&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Tulang pipih (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang pipih</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulang_pinggul&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Tulang pinggul (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang pinggul</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulang_dada&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Tulang dada (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang dada</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengkorak" marked="1" title="Tengkorak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tengkorak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_rusuk" marked="1" title="Tulang rusuk"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang rusuk</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_punggung" marked="1" title="Tulang punggung"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang punggung</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_belikat" marked="1" title="Tulang belikat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang belikat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, dan pada
bagian lunak di ujung </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_panjang" marked="1" title="Tulang panjang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang panjang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur" marked="1" title="Femur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">femur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus" marked="1" title="Humerus"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">humerus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Sumsum
kuning ditemukan pada rongga interior bagian tengah tulang panjang.Pada keadaan
sewaktu tubuh kehilangan darah yang sangat banyak, sumsum kuning dapat diubah
kembali menjadi sumsum merah untuk meningkatkan produksi sel darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
Leukimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia
Akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia
akut adalah pembelahan sell yang diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan cell yang lebih
banyak didalam sumsum tulang baik lymphoblasts ( leukemia lympboccytic akut)
maupun myloblasts ( leukemia myclogenous akut)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia
Mielogenus Akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AML
timbul dari cell batang myeloid tunggal dan di tandai dengan berkembangnya
kematangan myeloblasts didalam sumsum tulang. Sel Mieloid: monosit, granulosit,
eritrosit, eritrosit dan trombosit. Semua kelompok usia dapat terkena;
insidensi meningkat sesuai bertambahnya usia. Merupakan leukemia nonlimfositik
yang paling sering terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luekemia
Limfositik Akut</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ALL
meningkat dari cell batang lymphoid tunggal dengan kematangan yang lemah dan
penggumpalan cell-cell penyebab kerusakan didalam sumsum tulang. ALL dianggap
sebagai proliferasi ganas limfoblast. Sering terjadi pada anak-anak, laki-laki
lebih banyak dibanding perempuan, puncak insiden usia 4 tahun, setelah usia 15
ALL jarang terjadi. Manifestasi limfosit immatur berproliferasi dalam sumsum
tulang dan jaringan perifer, sehingga mengganggu perkembangan sel normal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia
Kronis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia kronis adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelahan cell yang diklasifikasikan
sesuaidengan kematangan predominant cell darah putih, baik lymphocyte atau
punGranulocty.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia
Mielogenus Kronis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CML
juga dimasukan dalam keganasan sel system myeloid. Namun lebih banyak terdapat
pada sel normal di dinding pada bentuk akut, sehingga penyakit ini lebih
ringan. Abnormalitas genetic yang dinamakan kromosom philadelpia ditemukan pada
90% sampai 95% pasien dengan 20 CML . CML jarang menyerang rasa individu
berusia di bawah 20 tahun. Namun insidensinyameningkat sesuai pertambahan usia.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukemia
Limfositik Kronis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia
limfositik kronic (CLL) cenderung merupakan kelinan ringan yang terutama
mengenai individu antara usia 50 sampai 70 tahun. Negara-negara barat
melaporkanpenyakit ini sebagai leukemia yang umum terjadi. Yang ditandai dengan
berlimpahnya sejumlah kecil kematangan B-lymphocytes dan tidak nomal yang
menjurus kepenurunan sintesis dari immunoglobulins dan penekanan respon
antibody. </span></div>
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<img align="left" height="434" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="295" /><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Gambar 2. Sel darah putih</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">http://ilmu-ilmukeperawatan.blogspot.com/2009/03/download-asuhan-keperawatan-gawat.html</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun pada sebagian besar
penderita leukosit factor-faktor penyebabnya tidak dapat diidentifikasi, tetapi
ada beberapa factor yang terbukti dapat menyebabkan leukemia. Factor-faktor
tersebut antara lain adalah factor genetic, sinar radioaktif dan virus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab yang pasti belum
diketahui, akan tetapi terdapat faktor predisposisi yang menyebabkan terjadinya
leukemia yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
genetik : virus tertentu meyebabkan terjadinya perubahan struktur gen ( T cell
leukemia-lymphoma virus/HTLV)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Radiasi
ionisasi : lingkungan kerja, pranatal, pengobatan kanker sebelumnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terpapar zat-zat kimiawi seperti benzen,
arsen, kloramfenikol, fenilbutazon, dan agen anti neoplastik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Obat-obat imunosupresif, obat karsinogenik
seperti diethylstilbestrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
herediter, misalnya pada kembar monozigot</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelainan kromosom : Sindrom Bloom’s, trisomi
21 (Sindrom Down’s), Trisomi G (Sindrom Klinefelter’s), Sindrom fanconi’s,
Kromosom Philadelphia positif, Telangiektasis ataksia.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukimia
adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenis gangguan pada system
hematopoietic yang fatal dan terikat dengan sumsum tulang dan pembuluh lymphe
ditandai dengan tidak terkendalinya proliferasin dari leokocyre dan
prosedirnya. Jumlah besar dari cell pertama-tama menggumpal pada tempat asalnya
san menyebar ke organ hematopoetic dan lanjut ke organ yang lebih besar .
Poriferasi dari satu jenis cellsering mengganggu produksi normal cell
hemotopoetic lainnya dan mengarah ke pengembangan / pembelahan cell yang cepat
dan ke Cytopenias (penurunan jumlah). Pembelahan dari cell darah putih
mengakibatkan menurunya immune Competence dengan meningkatnya kemungkinan
mendapat infeksi. Penyebab leukemia adalah belumdiketahui . Suatu peningkatan
insiden eukimia dalam perkiraannya membawa ke Hypotesa predis posisi genetik
atau viral origin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
Klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
yang mudah dipahami adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pucat
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan
beratbadan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembesaran
kelenjar lymfe</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembesaran
organ limpa dan hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaundice
(kekuning-kuningan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 84.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
penglihatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
Medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaksanaan
chemotherapy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemotherapy
adalah merupakan model penyembuhan utama. Fase pertama dari chemotherapy
diistilahkan dengan induction-chemotherapy dan terdiri dari chemotherapy
kombinasi (menggunakan lebih dari satu larutan –chemotherapeutic). Pemberian
obat ini bias dalm tempo 2-3 minggu dan penyakit ini ada dalam sumsum. Contoh
obatnya antara lain: Asparaginaze, busulfan, chlorambucil, cyclophas phamie dan
lain-lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transplatasi
sumsum tulang </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transplatasi
sumsum tulang adalah identik dengan sumsum tulang yang menggunakan HLA, telah
digunakan dengan meningkatnya frekuensi untuk terjadinyapeningkatankemajuan
dari AML. Bagi trasplatasi sumsum tulang diperlukan preparasi pretransplatasi.
Pengambilan darah dan sumsum tulang dari donor sebanyak 500-800 ml, dicampurkan
dengan heparin dan kultur jaringan dan kemudian menekan campuran tersebut
melalui saringan stainlesstel untuk memecahkan partikel sumsum. Kemudian sumsum
disimpan dalam kantung transfusidarah dan diberikan secara intravenous melalui
cathere hickman dengan waktu yang sama dengan pemberian RBC (4 jam).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat tiga fase
pelaksanaan keoterapi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase
induksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimulasi
4-6 minggu setelah diagnosa ditegakkan. Pada fase ini diberikan terapi
kortikostreroid (prednison), vincristin dan L-asparaginase. Fase induksi
dinyatakan behasil jika tanda-tanda penyakit berkurang atau tidak ada dan dalam
sumsum tulang ditemukan jumlah sel muda kurang dari 5%.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase
Profilaksis Sistem saraf pusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
fase ini diberikan terapi methotrexate, cytarabine dan hydrocotison melaui
intrathecal untuk mencegah invsi sel leukemia ke otak. Terapi irradiasi kranial
dilakukan hanya pada pasien leukemia yang mengalami gangguan sistem saraf
pusat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsolidasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
fase ini kombinasi pengobatan dilakukan unutk mempertahankan remisis dan
mengurangi jumlah sel-sel leukemia yang beredar dalam tubuh. Secara berkala,
mingguan atau bulanan dilakukan pemeriksaan darah lengkap untuk menilai respon
sumsum tulang terhadap pengobatan. Jika terjadi supresi sumsum tulang, maka
pengobatan dihentikan sementara atau dosis obat dikurangi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut
ini komplikasi yang timbul pada leukemia:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anemia (kurang darah). Hal ini dikarenakan
produksi sel darah merah kurang atau akibat pendarahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terinfeksi
berbagi penyakit. Hal ini dikarenakan sel darah putih yang ada kurang berfungsi
dengan baik meskipun jumlahnya berlebihan tetapi sudah berubah menjadi ganas
sehingga tidak mampu melawan infeksi dan denda asing yang masuk kedalam tubuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdarahan.
Hal ini terjadi sebagai akibat penekanansel leukemia pada sumsum tulang
sehingga sel pembeku darah produksinya pun kurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
metabolism :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
badan turun,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam
tanpa infeksi yang jelas,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kalium dan kalsium darah meningkat malah ada
yang rendah, serta</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
asidosis sebagai akibat asam laktat meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencegahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencegahan
infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan
pasien dalam ruangan tersendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan
pasien di ruang isolasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
dilakukan catherisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lengkapi
kebutuhan personal hygien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaga
lingkungan tetap bersih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencegahan
Hemmorrhage</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaga
seluluh sisi pendarahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uij
urin dalam stool untuk darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaga
penyuntikan venpuncuture dan intra muscular seminim mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
penekanan selama 5 menit pada bagian venpuncuture dan 10 menit sekali pada
bagian arterial untuk perawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
pengambilan temperature rectal atau pamberian enemas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
prosedur yang berlebihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Diagnostik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung
darah lengkap : menunjukkan normositik, anemia normositik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobulin
: dapat kurang dari 10 gr/100ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retikulosit
: jumlah biasaya rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit
: sangat rendah (< 50000/mm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SDP
: mungkin lebih dari 50000/cm dengan peningkatan SDP immatur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PTT
: memanjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LDH
: mungkin meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
urat serum : mungkin meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muramidase serum :
pengikatan pada leukemia monositik akut dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mielomonositik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Copper serum :
meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zink
serum : menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto dada dan biopsi nodus
limfe : dapat mengindikasikan derajat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keterlibatan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CT
scan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspirasi
sumsum tulang (di tusuk pakai jarum untuk melihat kandungan sumsum)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
elektrolit</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UHAN
KEPERAWATAN LEUKIMIA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas
klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
Kelamin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Status</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alamat
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggal
masuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
Kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluhan
saat didata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluhan yang paling dirasakan
adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lemah, pucat, muntah, sakit
kepala anoreksia, sesak, nafas cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
kesehatan masa lalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai
riwayat penyakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>waktu kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai
penyakit kanker sebelumnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
Keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adanya
gangguan hematologis,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adanya
faktor herediter misal kembar monozigot) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
Psikososial dan Gaya hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebiasaan
: merokok, alcohol, obat-obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan : debu, zat
kimia dan lain-lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berpergian ke daerah
endemic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi
tempat tinggal dan lingkungan sekitar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana hubungan klien dengan
keluarga dan dengan masyarakat serta dengan tim kesehatan lainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
spiritual</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
biologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehilangan
berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anorexia
(kehilangan nafsu makan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makan
dan minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istirahat
tidur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eliminasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Personal
hygnies</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola
aktifitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan
umum klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesadaran
klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi
TTV,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TD,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>nadi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suhu, pernafasan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
badan dan berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
adanya tanda-tanda leukopenia : demam, stomatitis, gejala infeksi pernafasan
atas, infeksi perkemihan; infeksi kulit dapat timbul kemerahan atau hiotam
tanpa pus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaji adanya tanda-tanda trombositopenia :
ptechiae, purpura, perdarahan membran mukosa, pembentukan hematoma, purpura;
kaji adanya tanda-tanda invasi ekstra medula: limfadenopati, hepatomegali,
splenomegali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaji adanya pembesaran testis, hemAturia,
hipertensi, gagal ginjal, inflamasi di sekkitar rektal dan nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung
darah lengkap : menunjukkan normositik, anemia normositik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobulin
: dapat kurang dari 10 gr/100ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retikulosit
: jumlah biasaya rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit
: sangat rendah (< 50000/mm)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SDP
: mungkin lebih dari 50000/cm dengan peningkatan SDP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>immature</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PTT
: memanjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LDH
: mungkin meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
urat serum : mungkin meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muramidase serum :
pengikatan pada leukemia monositik akut dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mielomonositik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Copper serum :
meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zink
serum : menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto dada dan biopsi
nodus limfe : dapat mengindikasikan derajat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keterlibatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CT
scan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspirasi
sumsum tulang (di tusuk pakai jarum untuk melihat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kandungan
sumsum)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.Diagnosa
keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l34 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
tinggi infeksi berhubungan dengan tidak adekuat pertahun sekunder </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l34 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
tinggi terhadap kekurangan volume cairan berhubungan dengan pendarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l34 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
akut berhubungan dengan pembesaran organ/nodus limfe, sumsum tulang yang
dikemas dalam leukemik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l34 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi
aktivitas berhubungan dengan kelemahan umum tujuan laporan peningkatan
toleransi aktivitas yang dapat diukur (nadi, pernafasan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tekanan daerah dalam batas normal).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l34 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang
pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang terpanjan pada sumber </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perencanaan tindakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.85pt;" width="225">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnose
keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 503.9pt;" width="672">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
tindakan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.9pt;" width="225">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kriteria hasil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.85pt;" width="224">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.15pt;" width="223">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.85pt;" valign="top" width="225">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
tinggi infeksi berhubungan dengan tidak adekuat pertahun sekunder </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
tinggi terhadap kekurangan volume cairan berhubungan dengan pendarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
akut berhubungan dengan pembesaran organ/nodus limfe, sumsum tulang yang
dikemas dalam leukemik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleransi
aktivitas berhubungan dengan kelemahan umum tujuan laporan peningkatan
toleransi aktivitas yang dapat diukur (nadi, pernafasan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tekanan daerah dalam batas normal).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> K</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">urang
pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang terpanjan pada sumber </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 168.9pt;" valign="top" width="225">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengindentifikasi
tindakan untuk mencegah atau menurunkan resiko tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menunjukkan volume cairan adekuat, dibuktikan oleh
tanda vital stabil, nadi dan haluan urin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaporkan nyeri
hilang atau terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaporkan
peningkatan toleransi aktivitas yang dapat di ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyatukan pemahaman
kondisi / proses penyakit dan pengobatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.85pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan pada
ruangan khusus, batasi pengunjung sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan protokol
untuk mencuci tangan yang baik untuk semua petugas dan pengunjung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awasi tanda-tanda
infeksi. Perhatikan hubungan antara peningkatakan suhu dan pengobatan
kemoterapi. Observasi demam sehubungan dengan takikardi, hipotensi, perubahan
mental samar </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cegah mengigil
tindakan cairan. Berikan mandi kompres</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong klien untuk
sering mengubah posisi nafas dalam dan batuk </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Insfeksi kulit untuk
nyeri tekan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi membran
mukosa mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitung darah lengkap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan obat sesuai
indikasi, contoh antibiotic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan diet rendah
bakteri, misalnya makanan dimasak diproses </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">awasi intake dan
output</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">timbang berat badan
setiap hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">awasi tekanan darah
dan frekuensi jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perhatikan darah gusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berikan cairan
intravena sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berikan transfusi
SDM, trombosit, faktor pembekuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selidiki keluhan
nyeri, perhatikan perubahan pada derajat dua sisi (gunakan skala 0-10)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan pada posisi
nyaman dan sokong sendi, ekstrimitas dengan bantal atau bantalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbaiki sirkulasi
jaringan dan mobilitas sendi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu manajemen
nyeri dengan perhatian langsung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggantian cepet dan
dekstruksi leukimia (sel) selama kemoterapi meningkatkan asam urat,
menyebabkan pembekakan dan nyeri sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatikan ketidak
mampuan untuk berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sehari-hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan lingkungan
yang tenang</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implmentasikan tehnik
penghematan energy</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan oksigen
tambahan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji ulang patologi
batuk khusus leukinia dan berbagai batu Pengobatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 167.15pt;" valign="top" width="223">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">melindungi dari
sumber potensi patogen/infeksi catatan : supresi sumsum tulang berat,
neutropenia, dan kemotrapi menempatkan pasien pada resiko tinggi infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah kontaminasi
silang/menurunkan resiko infeksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipermia lanjut
terjadi pada beberapa tipe infeksi, dan demam (tidak berhubungan dengan obat
atau produk darah) terjadi pada banyak pasien leukimia. Catatan : Septikemia
dapat terjadi tanda demam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu menurunkan
demam, yang menambah ketidak seimbangan cairan, ketidak nyamanan, dan
komplikasi SSP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah statis
sekret pernapasan, menurunkan resiko telektasis/pneumonia </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi
infeksi local</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rongga mulut adalah
medium yang baik untuk perumbuhan organism</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan SDP
abnormal dapat diakibatkan oleh proses penyakit atau kemotrapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengobati
infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meminimalkan sumber
potensi kontaminasi bakteri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kemungkinan dapat
dapat menyebabkan batu ginjal, retensi urin dan ginjal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur keadekuatan
penggantian cairan sesuai fungsi ginjal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perubahan dapat
menunjukkan efek hipovolimia (pendarahan/dehidrasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">supresi sumsum tulang
dapat produksi trombosit menempatkan pasien pada resiko pendarahan spontan
tak terkendali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mempertahankan
keseimbangan cairan atau elektrolit karena tidak adekuatnya pemasukan oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mempernaiki atau
menormalkan jumlah SDM dan kapasitas pembawa oksigen untuk memperbaiki
anemia, berguna untuk mencegah dan mengobati pendarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu mengkaji
kebutuhan untuk intervensi dapat mengidentifikasi terjadinya komplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat menurunkan
ketidaknyamanan tulang atau sendi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bantuan atau berikan
aktivitas terapeutik dan tehnik relaksasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awas kadar asam urat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan obat sesuai
indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek leukimia,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anemia dan kemoterapian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mungkin komulatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghemat energi
untuk aktivitas dan regenarasi seluler / Penyembuhan jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaksimalkan persedian
energi untuk tugas perawatan diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaksimalkan
persediaan oksigen untuk kebutuhan seluler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo35; tab-stops: 108.0pt 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan doat
termasuk berbagai obat anti neoplastik radiasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seluruh tubuh atau hati limfa, transfusi
atau transportasi sumsum Tulang.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Leukimia</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> sering di jumpai di
masyarakat dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">mudah di kenali (di
diagnosa). </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tanda dan gejalanya beragam, </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">seperti pucat, lemah, muntah, penurunan berat badan dan
lain-lain. Pendiagnosaan leukimia</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> dapat di tunjang dengan pemeriksaan laborat </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">yakni adanya pertambahan sel darah pitih (leukosit).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mengingat begitu kompleksnya masalah yang
ditemukan akibat dari penyakit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">leukimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, maka
diharapkan kepada seluruh pihak-pihak medis terkait dapat memperhatikan kondisi
atau gejala-gejala penyakit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">leukimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> itu
sendiri serta dapat segera melakukan pembangunan yang tepat dalam memberikan
terapi dan pengobatan yang bagi pasien yang terserang penyakit tersebut. Kepada
pihak rumah sakit diharapkan untuk lebih meningkatkan mutu dan kualitas dari
pelayanan kesehatan yang telah ada untuk memudahkan dalam penanganan kasus
tersebut</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis adalah </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">peradangan
lapisan paling luar jantung baik pada parietal maupun viseral. Penyakit
perikarditis ada dua yaitu perikarditis akut dan perikarditis kronis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telah
banyak orang menderita penyakit perikarditis ini. Menurut 3,7% warga dunia
telah menderita penyakit perikarditis, sekitar 0,5% penderitanya sudah
meninggal. Sedangkan dindonesia sendiri, diperkirakan sekitar 2,8% warga
indonesia telah menderita penyakit perikarditis ini, diperkirakan 1,2%
penderitanya sudah meninggal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
perikarditis ini penyebabnya belum pasti (idiopatik) atau non spesifik. Tetapi
biasanya perikarditis muncul akibat infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri,
virus, dan jamur. Selain itu </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan jaringan ikat-sistemik lupus eritematosus,
demam rematik, atritis rematik, poliarteritis juga dapat menyebabkan penyakit
perikarditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi-komplikasi
dari perikarditis dapat Cardiac tamponade. Jika ada cukup cairan dalam kantong pericardia,
mungkin ada cukup tekanan pada bagian luar dari jantung untuk mencegahnya
berdenyut secara cukup untuk mendorong darah ke tubuh dan paru-paru. Tekanan
didalam kantong sendiri perlu lebih tinggi daripada tekanan didalam kamar-kamar
jantung, namun gejala-gejala secara berangsur-angsur maju ketika fungsi jantung
dikompromikan. Ini dapat menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keadaan
darurat medis yang benar. Gejala-gejala cenderung nonspesifik namun dapat
termasuk sesak napas dan kesulitan dengan latihan atau melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas
harian. Keluhan-keluhan tambahan mungkin disebabkan oleh sakit atau penyakit
yang menyebabkan effusion berakumulasi pada tempat pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
orang yang menderita penyakit perikarditis pertama-tama dapat kita beri terapi
kepada klien.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu dapat juga dengan pemberian analgetik untuk mengurangi nyeri dan
mempercepat reabsorbsi cairan pada pasien dengan perikarditis rematik. Setelah
itu kita memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tirah baring kepada
pasien, disertai elevasi<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="_GoBack"></a> bagian kepala tempat tidur untuk
perbaiki pernapasan, Pemberian antibiotik selama empat sampai enam minggu bila
terjadi pada perikarditis purulen, dan pemberian Pemberian kortikosteroid pada
pasien dengan gagal jantung atau post perikardioektomi syndrome. Selain itu,
kita juga dapat memberikan obat yang berguna untuk mengurangi peradangan,
seperti </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pemberian
yang singkat dari obat nyeri narkotik [<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">codeine</span>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hydrocodone (Vicodin)</span> atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">oxycodone (OxyContin, Roxicodone)</span>]
akan diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
dapat menjelaskan tentang konsep penyakit perikarditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu membedakan antara perikarditis akut dan kronis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu menentukan asuhan keperawatan tentang penyakit perikarditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode penulisan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode penulisan makalah ini dengan
metode deskriptif dengan menggunakan literatur buku perpustakan, internet, dan
pendapat – pendapat atau pemikiran kelompok kami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistematika
penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab I menjelaskan tentang : latar belakang, tujuan, metode
penulisan dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistematika
penulisannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab II menjelaskan tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anatomi fisiologi jantung dan
konsep dasar pada penyakit perikarditis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab III menjelaskan tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asuhan keperawatan yang akan
diberikan kepada pasien/klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab IV menjelakan tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesimpulan dan saran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 205.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -169.55pt;">
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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/>
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<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
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</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
TEORI</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANATOMI
FISIOLOGI JANTUNG</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Secara
fisiologi, jantung adalah salah satu organ tubuh yang paling vital fungsinya
dibandingkan dengan organ tubuh vital lainnya. Dengan kata lain, apabila fungsi
jantung mengalami gangguan maka besar pengaruhnya terhadap organ-organ tubuh
lainya terutama ginjal dan otak. Karena fungsi utama jantung adalah sebagai
single pompa yang memompakan darah ke seluruh tubuh untuk kepentingan
metabolisme sel-sel demi kelangsungan hidup. Untuk itu, siapapun orangnya
sebelum belajar EKG harus menguasai anatomi & fisiologi dengan baik dan
benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Gambar 2.1
anatomi jantung (sumber :http://</span>adedq.wordpress.com)<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran,
Posisi atau letak Jantung</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
anatomi ukuran jantung sangatlah variatif. Dari beberapa referensi yang saya
baca, ukuran jantung manusia mendekati ukuran kepalan tangannya atau dengan
ukuran panjang kira-kira 5" (12cm) dan lebar sekitar 3,5" (9cm).
Jantung terletak di belakang tulang sternum, tepatnya di ruang mediastinum
diantara kedua paru-paru dan bersentuhan dengan diafragma. Bagian atas jantung
terletak dibagian bawah sternal notch, 1/3 dari jantung berada disebelah kanan
dari midline sternum , 2/3 nya disebelah kiri dari midline sternum. Sedangkan
bagian apek jantung di interkostal ke-5 atau tepatnya di bawah puting susu
sebelah kiri.(lihat gambar 2.2 dan ganbar 2.3).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gambar 2.2 letak
atau posisi jantung (sumber : </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">vidah29nurse.blogspot.com)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 2.3 letak
atau posisi jantung (sumber : </span>arispurnomo.com)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan
otot jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan otot jantung
terbagi menjadi tiga yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epikardium</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epikardium,
yaitu bagian luar otot jantung atau pericardium visceral.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Miokardium</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Miokardium,
yaitu jaringan utama otot jantung yang bertanggung jawab atas kemampuan
kontraksi jantung.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Endokardium</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Endokardium,
yaitu lapisan tipis bagian dalam otot jantung atau lapisan tipis endotel sel
yang berhubungan langsung dengan darah dan bersifat sangat licin untuk aliran
darah, seperti halnya pada sel-sel endotel pada pembuluh darah lainnya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
2.4 lapisan otot jantung (sumber : </span></span>moduldanskill.blogspot.com)<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan
pembungkus jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jantung
dibungkus oleh sebuah lapisan yang disebut lapisan perikardium, dimana lapisan
perikardium ini dibagi menjadi 3 lapisan yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan
fibrosa</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu
lapisan paling luar pembungkus jantung yang melindungi jantung ketika jantung
mengalami overdistention. Lapisan fibrosa bersifat sangat keras dan bersentuhan
langsung dengan bagian dinding dalam sternum rongga thorax, disamping itu
lapisan fibrosa ini termasuk penghubung antara jaringan, khususnya pembuluh
darah besar yang menghubungkan dengan lapisan ini (exp: vena cava, aorta,
pulmonal arteri dan vena pulmonal).</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan
parietal</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan
parietal yaitu bagian dalam dari dinding lapisan fibrosa.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan
viceral</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.8pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 2.5 lapisan
pembungkus jantung dan lapisan otot jantung (sumber : </span>hazawar-aslam.blogspot.com)<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan viceral yaitu lapisan
perikardium yang bersentuhan dengan lapisan luar dari otot jantung atau
epikardium.</span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara
lapisan pericardium parietal dan lapisan perikardium visceral terdapat ruang
atau space yang berisi pelumas atau cairan serosa atau yang disebut dengan
cairan perikardium. Cairan perikardium berfungsi untuk melindungi dari
gesekan-gesekan yang berlebihan saat jantung berdenyut atau berkontraksi.
Banyaknya cairan perikardium ini antara 15 - 50 ml, dan tidak boleh kurang atau
lebih karena akan mempengaruhi fungsi kerja jantung.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP
DASAR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis adalah peradangan lapisan paling luar jantung (membran tipis
yang mengelilingi jantung). (H. Winter Griffith M.D, 1994). Perikarditis adalah
peradangan perikardium parietal, perikardium viseral, atau kedua-duanya. (Arif
Mansjoer, 2000). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi dari pengertian-pengertian diatas dapat kita simpulkan bahwa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perikarditis adalah peradangan lapisan paling
luar jantung baik pada parietal maupun viseral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi
perikarditis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab idiopatik(</span><i>penyebab</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> pasti belum diketahui)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau
nonspesifik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteri : streptokokus, stapilokokus, meningokokus,
gonokokus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Virus : coxsakie, influenza </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jamur : riketsia, parasit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelainan jaringan ikat-sistemik lupus eritematosus,
demam rematik, atritis rematik, poliarteritis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan hipersensitivitas-reaksi imun, reaksi obat, <i>serum
sicknes </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit struktur disekitarnya-infark miokardium,
aneurisma dissecting, penyakit pleura dan paru (pneumonia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit neoplasia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sekunder akibat metastasis dari kanker paru dan kanker
payudara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">leukemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">primer (mesotelioma)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi radiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma-cedera dada, pembedahan jantung, pemasangan
pacemaker</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal ginjal dan uremia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuberkulosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi
Perikarditis akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab
perikarditis akut sangat banyak, yaitu penyakit idiopatik (benigna), infeksi
non-spesifik virus, tuberkulosis jamur, bakterial, penyakit kolagen seperti
arthritis reumatoid, sistemic lupus eritematosus (SLE), neoplasma seperti
mesotelioma primer, tumor metastasis, trauma, radiasi, uremia, infark miokard
akut, Dressler’s sindrom (pasca infark miokard), pascaperikardiotomi, dan
diseksi aorta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun
begitu banyak penyebab perikarditis akut, namun penyebab paling sering sesuai
dengan urutan adalah : infeksi virus, infeksi bakteri, uremia, trauma, sindrom
pasca infark miokard, sindrom pascaperikardiotomi, neoplasma, dan idiopatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urutan
etiologi pada 96 pasien perikarditis akut menurut Friedberg sebagai berikut :
demam reumatik 40,6%, infeksibakterial 19,8%, tuberkulosis 7,3%, perikarditis
non-spesifik jinak 10,4% uremia 11,5%, dan penyakit kalogen 2,1%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi
Perikarditis kronis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab terbanyak dari perikarditis
konstriktif kronis adalah infeksi virus dan terapi penyinaran untuk kanker
payudara atau limfoma.<br />
Perikarditis konstriktif kronis juga merupakan akibat dari:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">artritis rematoid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lupus eritematosus sistemik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">cedera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pembedahan jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">infeksi bakteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelumnya tuberkulosis adalah
penyebab terbanyak dari perikarditis kronis di AS, tetapi saat ini hanya 2%
kasus yang disebabkan oleh tuberkulosis.Di Afrika dan India, tuberkulosis masih
merupakan penyebab tersering dari semua bentuk perikarditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebenarnya
beberapa peneliti percaya bahwa virus terutama menyebabkan kasus perikarditis
“idiopatik” akut, walaupun tidak semua. Diantara kasus perikarditis virus yang
dikenal yang disebabkan oleh virus Coxsackie B, influenza A, dan B, beberapa
virus ekho dan epstein-barr (dalam hubungan dengan mononukleosis) amat penting.
Patogenesis perikarditis virus tidak jelas. Sering terjadi infeksi akut saluran
bagian pernafasan bagian atas, walaupun demikian tidak diketaui dengan jelas
virus penyebab itu kemudian menyebar ke dalam perikardium. Terdapat beberapa
penunjang pandangan itu, bahwa banyak virus tidak secara langsung menyerang
jaringan perikardium,tetapi lebih utama dengan berbagai cara menggalakan
hipersensitivitas yang kemudian melibatkan perikardium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteri
dapat mencapai perikardium baik secara langsung dari struktur terkena seperti
paru dan pleura, atau oleh karena penyebarn hematogen atau limfatik. Pada
tahun-tahun terakhir ini, angka kejadian perkaditis bakteri telah nyata
menurun. Meskipun penyebab stafilokokus dan tuberkulosis tetap penting.
Terutama pada anak, perikarditis stafilokokus relatif sering dan hampir selalu
diikuti entah dengan pneumoni atau osteomielitis. Nyatanya baik penyertaan
perikarditis spesis yang menguasai gambaran klinik maupun hanya sebagian kecil
gambaran klinik, memang bervariasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara perikarditis
metabolik, yang paling sering terjadi karena uremi, bentuk perikarditis
metabolik yang jarang dengan etiologi tidak diketahui, disebut perikarditis
kolesterol karena terdapat kristal kolesterol dalam cairan intraperikardium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis
neoplasi, hampir selalu berasal dari tumor langsung atau metastase tumor yang
terjadi di luar kantung perikardium. Paling sering penyebaran langsung dari
limfoma mediastinumatau dari karsinoma bronkogenik atau esofagus. Meskipun
metastasis kangker apa pun dalam tubuh dapat melibatkan perikardium, penyebaran
semacam itu pada umumnya jarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis
traumatik relatif lebih sering disebabkan oleh karena dada tak tembus. Hal ini
mencerminkan baik kontusi ringan permukaan perikardium jantung maupun adanya
darah dalam kantung perikardium yang menyebabkan respon perbaikan, seperti
dalam ruang pleura atau peritoneum. Jarang luka tembus dada menyebabkan
penyebaran langsung kuman ke dalam ruang perikardium, yang menyebabkan
perikarditis supuratif. Perikardium seperti selaput serosa lain , sangat rentan
pada status hipersensivitas.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2.6 pathway penyakit perikarditis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Iskemia miokardium</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Inflamasi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tumor</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">invasi
kuman keperikardium</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">gagal
ginjal</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trauma
pasca-infark pasca pembedahan jantung</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan
ventrikel</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengisian
diastolik </span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Volume sekuncup</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Curah
jantung </span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perfusi
jaringan </span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan
vena</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peningkatan vena vena jugularis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asistes</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">edema</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Nyeri dada</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Aliran darah koroner</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemenuhan produksi
HCL, mual, muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Pemenuhan nutrisi kurang dari
kebutuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ganguan pemenuhan kebutuhan sehari-hari</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran
darah tidak adekuat kesistemik</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kondisi dan prognosis penyakit</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kongesti pulmunalis</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelemahan
fisik</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecemasan, Koping individu tidak
efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sesak nafas</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ganguan pertukaran gas nafas tidak
efektif</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis
akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis akut</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah peradangan pada perikardium
(kantung selaput jantung), yang dimulai secara tiba-tiba dan sering menyebabkan
nyeri. Peradangan menyebabkan cairan dan produk darah (fibrin, sel darah merah
dan sel darah putih) memenuhi rongga perikardium.Trias klasik perikarditis akut
adalah nyeri dada, pericardial friction rub dan abnormalitas EKG yang khas..(buku
keperawatan medikal-bedah, brunner & suddarth).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peradangan menyebabkan cairan dan produk darah
(fibrin, sel darah merah dan sel darah putih) memenuhi rongga perikardium.Trias
klasik perikarditis akut adalah nyeri dada, pericardial friction rub dan
abnormalitas EKG yang khas.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis kronis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perikarditis kronis adalah suatu peradangan perikardium (kantung jantung)
yang menyebabkan penimbuhan cairan atau penebalan dan biasanya terjadi secara
bertahap serta berlangsung lama.(buku keperawatan medikal-bedah, brunner &
suddarth).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada perikarditis
efusif kronis, secara perlahan cairan terkumpul di dalam perikardium.iasanya
penyebabnya tidak diketahui, tetapi mungkin disebabkan oleh kanker,
tuberkulosis atau penurunan fungsi tiroid.Jika memungkinkan, penyebabnya
diobati; jika fungsi jantung normal, dilakukan pendekatan dengan cara menunggu
dan melihat perkembangannya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien perikarditis akut biasanya
mengeluh sakit dada substernal atau parasternal, kadang-kadang menjalar kebahu,
menjadi lebih ringan apabila pasien duduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pemeriksaan jasmani ditemukan pericardial
friction rub dan pembesaran jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda temponade, tekanan vena meningkat
, hepatomegali dan edema kaki juga dapat ditemukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunyi jantung lemah, tapi dapat juga normal bila efusi
perikard berada dibelakang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ewart’s sign, yaitu perkusi sejak pekak dibawah
angulus skapula kiri bila efusi perikardbanyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto rontgen dada bisa normal bila efusi
perikard hanya sedikit</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> , tetapi dapat tampak bayangan jantung membesar
separti waterbottle dengan vaskularisasi paru normal bila efusi perikard
banyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrokardiografi memperlihatkan <span style="color: #c00000;">elefasi segmen ST tanpa perubahan resi prokal , voltase
QRS yang rendah ( low voltage) tapi EKG bisa juga normal atau hanya terdapat
gangguan irama berupa febrilasi atrium</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Ekokardiografi M-Mode atau dua dimensi sangat baik untuk memastikan adanya
efusi perikard dan memperkirakan banyaknya cairan perikard.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi
yang dapat terjadi adalah cairan di lapisan jantung paling luar dapat
menyebabkan takanan pada jantung. Hal ini dapat membawa ke kematian kecuali
cairan itu diangkat dengan cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efusi
pericardium</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efusi perikardium
adalah penumpukan cairan abnormal dalam ruang perikardium. Ini dapat disebabkan
oleh berbagai kelainan sistemik, lokal atau idiopatik. Cairan tersebut dapat
berupa transudat, eksudat, pioperikardium, atau hemoperikardium. Efusi
perikardium bisa akut atau kronis, dan lamanya perkembangan memiliki pengaruh
besar terhadap gejala-gejala pasien (Strimel W, 2006).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasa eksudat mencapai 80 mL s/d 2 Lsymptoms
termasuk :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Napas
pendek atau sulit bernapas (dyspnea)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Napas
tersengal-sengal ketika berada pd posisi terlentang (orthopnea)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chest
pain</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batuk</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
saat bernapas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pingsan
/ pusing</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam
ringan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">heart
rate cepat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
lemas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tamponade jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tamponade jantung
adalah keadaan yang mengancam nyawa, dimana ditemukan penekanan pada jantung,
akibat terjadi pengumpulan cairan (darah, nanah) atau gas di ruangan
perikardium (ruangan antara 2 selaput pelapis jantung) yang disebabkan karena
trauma atau robeknya otot jantung, atau karena perembesan cairan (efusi). Hal
ini dapat menyebabkan jantung tidak dapat memompa darah ke seluruh tubuh secara
optimal.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tamponade jantung
merupakan kejadian darurat, dimana resiko kematian tergantung dari kecepatan
dokter untuk menegakkan diagnosa dan penanganan pertama, dan mencari penyebab
dari tamponade jantung itu sendiri.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda dan gejala pada </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tamponade
jantung adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cemas
mendadak</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
dada yang menyebar ke leher, punggung, atau bahu serasa ditusuk-tusuk, semakin
parah saat bernafas atau batuk</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesulitan
bernafas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
tidak nyaman yang terasa lebih lega jika duduk tegak</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mungkin
pingsan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdebar-debar
dan cepat (lebih dari 100 kali permenit)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesak
nafas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit
pucat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan
darah rendah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak teraba nadi, atau sangat lemah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pemeriksaan dengan stetoskop, bunyi jantung
hampir tak terdengar</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada pemeriksaan laboraorium khusus yang dapat
mendiagnosa tamponade<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jantung. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan dengan alat rekam jantung
(Elektrokardiografi/EKG) dapat membantu menegakkan diagnosis tamponade. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
juga dilakukan pemeriksaan tambahan CT scan dada, MRI dada, foto rontgen dada,
ataupun angiografi. </span></span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laborotorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">laboratorium
yang dianjurkan ; l</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ukosit</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(lebih dari </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.000–11.000
/5.000–10.000 /ul)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,ureum</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(lebih dari </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15–40 mg/dl)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> kreatinin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(lebih dari 0.5–1.5 mg/dl), </span>LED (lebih dari 0-15 mm/jam)<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enzim jantung<span style="color: black;">,mikrobiologis
parasitologis, serologis, virologist, patologis dan</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> imunologis untuk mencari penyebab peradangan dari sediaan darah,
cairan perikard atau jaringan biopsi perikard.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes diagnostik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrocardiogram
(EKG atau ECG) menunjukan aktivitas elektrik jantung. Pada pericarditis,
seringkali ada kelainan-kelainan yang adakalanya dapat membantu dengan
diagnosis. Sayangnya, banyak varian-varian yang normal dapat meniru
perubahan-perubahan pada pericarditis atau EKG mungkin adalah normal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="rgctlv">Sebuah
<b>EKG</b> menunjukkan <b>perikarditis</b> (sumber : ekp2011.blogspot.com)</span>
<span class="rgctlv"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrelektrokardiografi
memperlihatkan elefasi segmen ST tanpa perubahan resi prokal , voltase QRS yang
rendah ( low voltage) tapi EKG bisa juga normal atau hanya terdapat gangguan
irama berupa febrilasi atrium.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X-ray
dada mungkin menyarankan pembesaran jaringan jantung dan dapat digunakan untuk
menyampingkan persoalan-persoalan lain didalam dada. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Echocardiography
atau ultrasound jantung seringkali digunakan untuk mengkonfirmasi diagnosis.
Cardiologist (ahli jantung) mencari kehadiran dari cairan dalam kantong pericardial,
meskipun pada banyak kasus-kasus yang ringan dari pericarditis akut, tidak ada
cairan pericardial yang terlihat dengan echocardiography. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian
darah dapat digunakan untuk mencari penyebab-penyebab yang spesifik dari
pericarditis seperti infeksi, </span><a href="http://www.totalkesehatananda.com/leukemia1.html" marked="1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">leukemia</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><a href="http://www.totalkesehatananda.com/gagalginjal1.html" marked="1"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gagal
ginjal</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, penyakit-penyakit jaringan penghubung atau
kelainan-kelainan tiroid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan medis
dapat kita lakukan dengan cara melakukan terapi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu dengan cara:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien harus dirawat inap dan istirahat baring untuk
memastikan diagnosis dan diagnosis banding serta melihat kemungkinan terjadinya
tamponade.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simptomatik dengan aspirin 650 mg/jam atau OAINS
indometasin 25-50 mg/6jam. Dapat ditambahkan morfin 2-6 mg/6jam atau petidin
25-50 mg/4jam, hindarkan steroid karena sering menyebabkan kertegantungan. Bila
tidak membaik dalam 72 jam,maka prednison 60-80 mg/hari dapat dipertimbangkan
selama 5-7 hari dan kemudian topering off.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kortikosteroid untuk mengontrol gejala dan mencegah
efusi perikard.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cari etiologi/kausal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada perikarditis purulenta pengeluaran cairan
diteruskan dengan drainase yang dilakukan di bagian bedah. Pada kasus yang
sudah lama yang disertai penebalan perikard (pantser heart) atau prikarditis
konstruktiva dengan perlekatan yang menimbulkan gangguan hemodinamik, harus
dilakukan perikardiektomi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu dapat juga dengan pemberian analgetik untuk
mengurangi nyeri dan mempercepat reabsorbsi cairan pada pasien dengan
perikarditis rematik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tirah baring, disertai elevasi bagian kepala tempat
tidur untuk perbaiki pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi oksigen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drainase cairan pericardium atau pengangkatan
pericardium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analgetik dapat diberikan untuk mengurangi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila kondisi pasien sudah membaik aktivitas harus
ditingkatkan secara bertahap. Tetapi bila nyeri ,demam atau friction rub
kembali muncul, pasien harus segera tirah baring.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1. Identitas klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2. Riwayat Kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.1. Riwayat kesehatan dahulu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.2. Riwayat kesehatan sekarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.3. Riwayat kesehatan keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3. Aktivitas / Istirahat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelelahan, kelemahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4. Sirkulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat demam rematik, penyakit jantung kongenital,
bedah jantung, palpitasi, jatuh pingsan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5. Eliminasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat penyakit ginjal / gagal ginjal, penurunan
frekuensi / jumlah urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6. Nyeri / Ketidaknyamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri pada anterior (sedang sampi berat / tajam) diperberat
oleh inspirasi, batuk, gerakan menelan, berbaring; hilang dengan duduk,
bersandar ke depan (perikarditis).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7. Pernapasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Napas pendek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8. Keamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat infeksi virus, bakteri, jamur, penurunan
sistem imun, SLE, atau pennyakit kolagen lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1. Nyeri berhubungan dengan inflamasi perikardium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.
Intoleran aktivitas berhubungan dengan pembatasan pengisisan jantung /
kontraksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ventrikel,
penurunan curah jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3.
Penurunan curah jantung berhubungan dengan akumulasi cairan dalam kantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pericardia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4. Kurang
pengetahuan tentang kondisi / berhubungan dengan kurang informasi tentang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">proses penyakit, cara untuk mencegah pengulangan atau
komplikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Intervensi Keperawatan</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -8.1pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 660px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.85pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Diagnosa</span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.2pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan /</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kriteria Hasil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.35pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Intervensi</span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.1pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasional</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.85pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan inflamasi
perikardium.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.2pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dilakukan tindakan 1x24
jam diharapkan klien akan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat dapat mengatasi nyeri yang dirasakan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri yang diderita klien hilang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> / skalanyeri yang ditunjukanklienlebihrendahdarisebelumnya.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien dapat merasa nyaman dan tenang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peradangan atau inflamasi pada klien berkurang atau
menghilang.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.35pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">andiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selidiki
keluhan nyeri dada, perhatikan awitan dan faktor pemberat atau penurun.
perhatikan petunjuk nonverbal dari ketidaknyamanan, misalnya berbaring dengan
diam / gelisah, tegangan otot, menangis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
lingkungan yang tenang dan tindakan kenyamanan, misalnya; perubahan posisi,
gosokan punggung, penggunaan kompres panas / dingin, dukungan emosional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
aktivitas hiburan yang tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
obat-obatan Analgesik seperti </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">opium (misalnya
morfin) atau corticosteroid. <br />
Obat yang paling sering digunakan untuk nyeri yang hebat adalah <a href="http://www.medicastore.com/index.php?mod=obat_search&selSub=0&selJenis=0&inpNamaObat=&inpNamaGenerik=prednisone&inpIndikasi=&go=+go+" marked="1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prednisone</span></a></span>.<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
antipiretik, misalnya asetaminofen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
steroid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
oksigen suplemen sesuai indikasi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.1pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
perikarditis secara khas terletak subternal dan menyebar ke leher, punggung.
Pada nyeri ini menjadi memburuk pada inspirasi dalam, gerakan, atau berbaring
dan hilang dengan duduk tegak atau membungkuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan
ini dapat menurunkan ketidaknyamanan fisik dan emosional pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengarahkan
kembali perhatian, memberikan distraksi dalam tingkat aktivitas individu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menghilangkan nyeri, menurunkan respons inflamasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menurunkan
demam dan meningkatan kenyamanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat di
berikan untuk gejala yang lebih berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.05pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memaksimalkan
ketersediaan oksigen untuk menurunkan beban kerja jantung dan menurunkan
ketidaknyamanan berkenaan dengan iskemia.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.85pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan curah jantung berhubungan
dengan akumulasi cairan dalam kantung pericardia.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.2pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dilakukan tindakan 3x24
jam diharapkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Curah
jantung </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">klien</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam
batas normal (5000 ml / menit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidakterdapatbunyijantung yang abnormal padaklien.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beban
kerja jantung </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">klien</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nadi,
tekanan darah klien dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nilai
normal.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">apilarry</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">efill</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ime</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> klien kurang dari atau sama dengan 2 detik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konjungtiva
pada mata klien</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> t</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">idak
tampak pucat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.35pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantau
frekuensi / irama jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi
bunyi jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
tirah baring dalam posisi semi fowler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selidiki :
nadi cepat, hipotensi, penyempitan tekanan nadi, perubahan tonus jantung,
penurunan tingkat kesadaran, CRT, konjungtiva.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kolaborasi
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
obat-obat diuretik sesuai indikasi, misalnya furusemid atau spirolakton.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu
dalam perikardionsentesis darurat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan
pasien untuk pembedahan, bila di indikasikan.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.1pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Takikardia
dan disritmia dapat terjadi saat jantung berupaya untuk meningkatkan curah
berespons pada demam, hipoksia, dan asidosi karena iskemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
deteksi dini dari terjadinya komplikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan
beban kerja jantung, memaksimalkan curah jantung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengurangi kelebihan cairan pada klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestsi
klinis dari tamponade jantung yang dapt terjadi pada perikarditis bila
akumulasi cairan / eksudat dalam kantung perikardia membatsi pengisian dan
curah jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diberikan
untuk mengatsi patogen yang teridentifikasi, yang mencegah keterlibatan /
kerusakan jantung lebih lanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
dapt dilakukan di tempat tidur untuk menurunkan tekanan cairan di sekitar
jantung, yang dapat dengan cepat memperbaiki curah jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikardektomi
mungkin diperlukan karena akumulasi cairan perikardial berulang atau jaringan
parut dan konstriksi fungsi jantung.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.85pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intoleran aktivitas berhubungan
dengan pembatasan pengisisan jantung / kontraksi ventrikel, penurunan curah
jantung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.2pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dilakukan tindakan 3x24
jam diharapkan klien akan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">klien
dapat beraktifitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klientidaktampaklemah.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
dapat beristirahat tanpa gangguan dan keluhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda vital kliendalamnilai normal.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.35pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atasi aktivitas klien terhadap
intoleransi aktivitas.</span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
respon klien terhadap aktivitas. Perhatikan adanya perubahan dalam keluhan
kelemahan dan keletihan berhubungan dengan aktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertahankan
tirah baring selama priode demam dan sesuai indikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencanakan
perawatan dengan periode istirahat / tidur tanpa gangguan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu
pasien dalam program latihan progresif bertahap sesegera mungkin untuk turun
dari tempat tidur, mencatat respon tanda vital dan toleransi pasien pada
peningkatan aktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
oksigen suplemen.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.1pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan
pengisian dan curah jantung dapat menyebabkan pengumpulan cairan dalam
kantung pericardial bila terjadi perikarditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
resolusi inflamasi selama fase akut dari perikarditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
keseimbangan dalam kebutuhaan dimana aktivitas bertumpu pada jantung;
meningkatkan proses penyembuhan dan kemampuan koping emosional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
inflamasi / kondisi dasar teratasi, pasien mungkin mampu melakukan aktivitas
yang diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
ketersediaan oksigen untuk mengimbangi peningkatan konsumsi oksigen yang
terjadi dengan aktivitas.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.85pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang pengetahuan tentang kondisi
/ berhubungan dengan kurang informasi tentang proses penyakit, cara untuk
mencegah pengulangan atau komplikasi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.2pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dilakukan tindakan 1x24
jam diharapkan klien akan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
mengerti tentang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyakit</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
perikarditis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dialaminya</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
mengetahui akibat atau efek yang disebabkan oleh penyakit yang diderita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
melakukan pola hidup yang perlu atau perubahan perilaku untuk mencegah
terulangnya atau terjadi komplikasi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 131.35pt;" valign="top" width="175"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pengetahuan pasien tentang penyakit perikarditis.</span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
efek inflamasi pada jantung. Ajarkan untuk memperhatikan gejala sehubungan
dengan komplikasi / berulangnya dan gejala yang dilaporkan dengan segera pada
pemberi perawatan, contoh : demam, peningkatan nyeri dada tak biasanya,
peningkatan berat badan, peningkatan toleransi terhadap aktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
pasien / orang terdekat tentang dosis, tujuan dan efek samping obat;
kebutuhan diet / pertimbangan khusus; aktivitas yang diizinkan / dibatasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkatkan
praktik kesehatan seperti nutrisi yang baik, keseimbangan antara aktivits /
istirahat, pantau status kesehatan sendiri dan meloporkan tanda infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekankan
pentingnya evaluasi perawatan medis teratur. Anjurkan pasien membuat
perjanjian.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.1pt;" valign="top" width="169"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar perawat dapat mengetahui tingkat pengetuhuan
pasien tentang perikarditis agar perawat dapat menentukan PENKES apa yang
sesuai untuk pasien.</span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.95pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
bertanggung jawab terhadap kesehatan sendiri, pasien perlu memahami penyebab
khusus, pengobatan, dan efek jangka panjang yang diharapakan dari kondisi
inflamasi, sesuai dengan tanda / gejala yang menunjukkan kekambuhan atau
komplikasi.</span></div>
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Ners AmmaRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17743315143081739375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-63464796445950955482017-06-03T05:53:00.001-07:002017-06-03T05:53:11.253-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN SINDROMA BOERGER<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar
Belakang</span></div>
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Kemajuan dan perkembangan zaman yang semakin maju, serta pengetahuan
masyarakat yang makin luas, mengakibatkan masyakat tidak ingin memgetahui hal-
hal yang merugikan dirinya sendiri, peningkatan kebutuhan kehidupan manusia
yang sering mengalami kondisi yang tidak sehat. Terutama merokok merupakan pola
kebiasaan masyarakat pada saat ini,baik pada dewasa awal dan
akhir,lansia,bahkan pada kalangan anak – anak pun pada saat ini sudah mulai
mencoba merokok,baik laki maupun wanita.Banyak di antara mereka yang memiliki
kebiasaan merokok bilang: Merokok dapat menenteramkan perasaan bila dalam
keadaan stres, menjadi bugar pada waktu kelelahan, memperbaiki memori,
mengurangi kecemasan, menghilangkan depresi, mengurangi rasa lapar, memperbaiki
konsentrasi, dan lain-lain.Karena itu tidak heran bagi seseorang demikian susah
menghentikan merokok. Hanya saja mereka lupa mempertimbangkan dampak negatif
yang ditimbulkan, yang jauh lebih besar dibanding kenikmatan yang dirasakan.
Dari merokok tersebut, dapat mengakibatkan orang tersebut kecanduan terhadap
rokok, yang diketahui rokok banyak mengandung zat-zat kimia yang berbahaya bagi
tubuh maupun kesehehatan yang meng hambat sistem kerja jantung terutama pada
peredaran darah perifer yang mengakibatkan salah satunya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyakit syndroma buerger.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
Buerger (Tromboangitis Obliterans) merupakan penyakit oklusi pembuluh darah
perifer yang lebih sering terjadi di Asia dibandingkan di Negara-negara barat.
Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit idiopatik, kemungkinan merupakan kelainan
pembuluh darah karena autoimmune, panangitis yang hasil akhirnya menyebabkan
stenosis dan oklusi pada pembuluh darah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laporan
pertama kasus Tromboangitis Obliterans telah dijelaskan di Jerman oleh <i>von
Winiwarter</i> pada tahun 1879 dalam artikel yang berjudul <i>“A strange form
of endarteritis and endophlebitis with gangrene of the feet</i>”. Kurang lebih
sekitar seperempat abad kemudian, di Brookline New York, <i>Leo Buerger </i>mempublikasikan
penjelasan yang lebih lengkap tentang penyakit ini dimana ia lebih memfokuskan
pada gambaran klinis dari Tromboangitis Obliterans sebagai “<i>presenile
spontaneous gangrene</i>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir
100% kasus Tromboangitis Obliterans (kadang disebut Tromboarteritis Obliterans)
atau penyakit Winiwarter Buerger menyerang perokok pada usia dewasa muda.
Penyakit ini banyak terdapat di Korea, Jepang, Indonesia, India dan Negara lain
di Asia Selatan, Asia tenggara dan Asia Timur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prevalensi
penyakit Buerger di Amerika Serikat telah menurun selama separuh dekade
terakhir, hal ini tentunya disebabkan menurunnya jumlah perokok, dan juga
dikarenakan kriteria diagnosis yang lebih baik. Pada tahun 1947, prevalensi
penyakit ini di Amerika serikat sebanyak 104 kasus dari 100 ribu populasi
manusia. Data terbaru, prevalensi pada penyakit ini diperkirakan mencapai 12,6
– 20% kasus per 100.000 populasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kematian
yang diakibatkan oleh Penyakit Buerger masih jarang, tetapi pada pasien
penyakit ini yang terus merokok, 43% dari penderita harus melakukan satu atau
lebih amputasi pada 6-7 tahun kemudian. Data terbaru, pada bulan Desember tahun
2004 yang dikeluarkan oleh CDC publication, sebanyak 2002 kematian dilaporkan
di Amerika Serikat berdasarkan penyebab kematian, bulan, ras dan jenis kelamin
(International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, 1992), telah
dilaporkan total dari 9 kematian berhubungkan dengan Tromboangitis Obliterans,
dengan perbandingan laki-laki dan perempuan adalah 2:1 dan etnis putih dan
hitam adalah 8:1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis
mengangkat masalah (syndrome boerger) untuk memberikan pengetahuan tentang
penyakit ini, terutama pada pengguna rokok yang akan mengakibatkan mudahnya
para perokok mengidap penyakit ini. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis
menjelaskan bagaimana tanda dan gejala terjadinya penyakit syndrome boerger dan
pengobatan pada syndrome boerger.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Makalah ini dibuat
bertujuan agar masyarakat atau pembaca mengetahui tentang bahayanya merokok
bagi kesehatan tubuh terutama pada sistem kardiovaskuler yang dapat menyebabkan
syndrome boerger dan mengetahui tanda dan gejalanya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan Khusus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
khusus penulis adalah agar masyarakat atau pembaca mengetahui :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-ciri syndrome boerger</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanda dan gejala sydrome boerger</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asuhan keperawatan syndrome boerger.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ruang
Lingkup Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karena luasnya ruang lingkup masalah tentang sistem
kardiovaskuler ini, maka penulis hanya memaparkan ciri-ciri, tanda dan gejala,
asuhan keperawatan tentang syndorome boerger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode
Penulisan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyusunan
makalah ini, penulis menggunakan metode naratif dan deskriptif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu menceritakan penyebab dari sindrom
boerger dan menggambarkan gejala yang timbul akibat merokok. Serta penyebab
yang terjadi akibat kurangnya nutrisi yang adekuat, Tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konsep dasar sindrom boerger dan asuhan
keperawatan syndroma boerger.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistematika Penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makalah ini penulis buat terdiri dari 3 bab yang
disusun sesuai dengan sistematis penulisan sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bab
I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pendahuluan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari latar belakang, tujuan penulisan, ruang lingkup penulisan, metode
penulisan dan sistematika penulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bab
II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tinjauan teoritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari anatomi jantung pembuluh darah perifer dan konsep dasar penyakit klien
dengan syndrome boerger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bab
III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Asuhan keperawatan teoritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
pengkajian, analisa data, diagnosa keperawatan, rencana keperawatan dan
evaluasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bab
IV<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Penutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari kesimpulan dan saran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
II</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
TEORITIS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antomi Fisiologi Jantung</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jantung adalah organ yang
mensirkulasi darah teroksigenisasi ke paru-paru untuk pertukaran gas-gas.
Terpisahnya ruangan dalam jantung mencegah pencampuran antara daerah yang
menerima darah yang tidak teroksigenisasi dari vena cava superior, inferior,
dan sistem koroner. Jantung memiliki 4 katup yaitu, katup trikuspidalis, katup
mitral(bikuspidalis), katup pulmonal, katup aorta. Jantung terdiri dari 4 ruangan,
yaitu ventrikel dekstra, ventrikel sinistra, atrium dekstra, dan atrium
sinistra. Darah ini melalui katup trikupisdalis ke ventrikel kanan di pompakan
ke paru-paru melalui katup mitral ke ventrikel kiri dan dipompakan ke aorta
untuk sirkulasi koroner dan sistemik. Gangguan aliran dalam jantung
mengakibatkan oksigenisasi tidak adekuat, darah arteri dan vena tercampur yang
mengakibatkan perfusi sel-sel berkurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arteri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arteri (pembuluh nadi)
adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_darah" marked="1" title="Pembuluh darah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh darah</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berotot
yang membawa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" marked="1" title="Darah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" marked="1" title="Jantung"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jantung</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Fungsi ini bertolak belakang dengan fungsi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_balik" marked="1" title="Pembuluh balik"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh balik</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang membawa darah menuju jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_sirkulasi" marked="1" title="Sistem sirkulasi"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sistem sirkulasi</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> sangat penting dalam mempertahankan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidup" marked="1" title="Hidup"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidup</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">. Fungsi utamanya adalah menghantarkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" marked="1" title="Oksigen"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">oksigen</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisi" marked="1" title="Nutrisi"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nutrisi</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> ke semua </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" marked="1" title="Sel"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, serta mengangkut zat buangan seperi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" marked="1" title="Karbon dioksida"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon
dioksida</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">. Pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_berkembang" marked="1" title="Negara berkembang"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">negara
berkembang</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, dua
kejadian kematian utama disebabkan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infark_miokardium" marked="1" title="Infark miokardium"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">infark
miokardium</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" marked="1" title="Stroke"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">stroke</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> pada sistem pembuluh nadi, misalnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arterosklerosis&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Arterosklerosis (belum dibuat)"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arterosklerosis</span></a><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem pem<span style="color: black;">buluh
nadi memiliki bagian </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_darah" marked="1" title="Tekanan darah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tekanan</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang tinggi pada sistem sirkulasi. Tekanan darah biasanya
menunjukkan tekanan pada pembuluh nadi utama. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekanan pada saat jantung mengembang dan
darah masuk ke jantung disebut </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diastol&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Diastol (belum dibuat)"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diastol</span></a><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">. Tekanan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistol&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Sistol (belum dibuat)"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistol</span></a><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> berarti tekanan darah saat jantung
berkontraksi dan daeah keluar jantung. Tekanan darah ini dapat diukur dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tensimeter&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Tensimeter (belum dibuat)"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tensimeter</span></a><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sfigmomanometer&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Sfigmomanometer (belum dibuat)"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sfigmomanometer</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jenis
pembuluh arteri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Terdapat
beberapa jenis pembuluh nadi pada tubuh :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="Arteri_pulmonaris"></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arteri pulmonaris</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuluh ini membawa darah
yang telah dideoksigenasi yang baru saja dialirkan dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" marked="1" title="Paru-paru"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">paru-paru</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="Arteri_sistemik"></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arteri sistemik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arteri sistemik membawa
darah menuju </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arteriol&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Arteriol (belum dibuat)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arteriol</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan
kemudian ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembuluh_kapiler&action=edit&redlink=1" marked="1" title="Pembuluh kapiler (belum dibuat)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh kapiler</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, di
mana zat nutrisi dan gas ditukarkan<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="Aorta"></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aorta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta" marked="1" title="Aorta"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aorta</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah pembuluh nadi terbesar dalam tubuh yang keluar dari
ventrikel jantung dan membawa banyak oksigen.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="Arteriol"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arteriol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arteriol adalah pembuluh nadi terkecil
yang berhubungan dengan pembuluh kapiler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" marked="1" name="Pembuluh_kapiler"></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuluh kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuluh ini bukan pembuluh
nadi sesungguhnya. Di sinilah terjadinya pertukaran zat yang menjadi fungsi
utama sistem sirkulasi. Pembuluh kapiler adalah pembuluh yang menghubungkan
cabang-cabang pembuluh nadi dan cabang-cabang pembuluh balik yang terkecil
dengan sel-sel tubuh. Pembuluh nadi dan pembuluh balik itu bercabang-cabang,
dan ukuran cabang-cabang pembuluh itu semakin jauh dari jantung semakin kecil. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembuluh kapiler sangat halus dan berdinding
tipis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena (Pembuluh balik) adalah
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_darah" marked="1" title="Pembuluh darah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang
membawa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah" marked="1" title="Darah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menuju </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" marked="1" title="Jantung"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jantung</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Darahnya banyak mengandung </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" marked="1" title="Karbon dioksida"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon dioksida</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Umumnya terletak dekat permukaan tubuh dan tampak kebiru-biruan.
</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dinding pembuluhnya tipis dan tidak elastis.
jika diraba, denyut jantungnya tidak terasa. Pembuluh vena mempunyai katup
sepanjang pembuluhnya. Katup ini berfungsi agar darah tetap mengalir satu arah.
Dengan adanya katup tersebut, aliran darah tetap mengalir menuju jantung. Jika
vena terluka, darah tidak memancar tetapi merembes.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari
seluruh tubuh, pembuluh darah balik bermuara menjadi satu pembuluh darah balik
besar, yang disebut vena cava. Pembuluh darah ini masuk ke jantung melalui
serambi kanan. Setelah terjadi pertukaran gas di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" marked="1" title="Paru-paru"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">paru-paru</span></a><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, darah mengalir ke jantung lagi melalui vena
paru-paru. Pembuluh vena ini membawa darah yang kaya oksigen. Jadi, darah dalam
semua pembuluh vena banyak mengandung karbon dioksida kecuali vena pulmonalis.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembuluh
balik tersusun dari 3 lapisan tetapi dinding pembuluh ini lebih tipis dan tidak
elastic. Tekanan pembuluh balik lebih lemah dibandingkan tekanan pembuluh badi
di sepanjang pembuluh balik terdapat katup yang menjaga agar darah tak berbalik
arah.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembuluh
balik yang masuk kejantung adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena Kava Superior</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena ini membawa darah yang
mengandung CO2 dari bagian atas tubuh ke serambi kanan jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vena Kava Inferior </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena ini membawa darah yang
mengandung CO2, dari bagian bawah tubuh ke serambi kanan jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena Kava Pulmonalis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vena ini membawa darah yang
mengandung o2 dari paru – paru kereambi kiri jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Dasar Syndroma
Boerger</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit Buerger (Tromboangitis
Obliterans) adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan berulangnya inflamasi pada
arteri dan vena sedang dan kecil pada ekstremitas bawah dan atas (jarang
terjadi) dan mengakibatkan pembentukan thrombus serta penyumbatan pembuluh
darah. (Brunner & Suddarth ; 890.2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
Buerger ( Tromboangitis Obliterans) adalah penyumbatan pada arteri dan vena
yang berukuran kecil sampai sedang, akibat peradang yang dipicu oleh merokok. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="height: 127px; left: 0px; margin-left: 130px; margin-top: 37px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 349px; z-index: -15;"><a href="http://doctorology.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/buerger-disease.jp" marked="1"><img alt="buerger disease" border="0" height="127" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="349" /></a></span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">
Buerger Disease</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : (http://<a href="http://doctorology.net/?p=172" marked="1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">doctorology.net/?p=172</span></a>, diperoleh hari Rabu,
11 Mei 2011)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit Buerger merupakan radang pada
pembuluh darah arteri, vena dan saraf pada anggota gerak tubuh yang menimbulkan
sumbatan pada arteri, vena dan saraf yang berukuran kecil atau sedang, kaki
merupakan anggota tubuh yang paling sering terkena penyakit ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit obliterans mengenai pembuluh
darah kecil ekstremitas dibagian distal arteri bronkhialis atau poplitea, ini
mungkin disertai dengan feblitis yang berpindah-pindah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi Syndrome Buerger adalah penyakit
yang terjadi dikarenakan penyumbatan pada arteri dan vena baik berukuran kecil
sampai sedang yang biasa di alami pria perokok sigaret berusia 20-40 tahun daan
umumnya menyerang ekstremitas bagian bawah dan kaki merupakan anggota tubuh
yang paling sering terkena.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penyebabnya tidak
jelas, tetapi biasanya tidak ada faktor familial serta tidak ada hubungannya
dengan penyakit Diabetes Mellitus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan keturunan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">. Penderita penyakit ini umumnya perokok berat yang
kebanyakan mulai merokok pada usia muda, kadang pada usia sekolah .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rokok memiliki komposisi berbahaya bagi
tubuh seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nikotin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nikotin merupakan salah satu unsur utama di dalam
tembakau.Nikotin memiliki fungsi merangsang zat kimia di otak sehingga
mengakibatkan kecanduan nikotin merangsang produksi kelenjar adrenalin menjadi
lebih giat sehingga dapat meningkatkan denyut jantung dan tekanan darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TAR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tar merupakan bahan kimia yang memiliki sifat
karnisogen(memicu munculnya kangker).Tar juga dapat memberhentikan fungsi dari
pad sel sel epithel di dalam saluran tubuh bagian dalam dan trakhea sehingga
sel-sel yang seharusnya berfungsi sebagai penyaring dan pengeluar zat yang
berbahaya Bagi tubuh tidak dapat bekerja . Oleh karena itu perokok sangat
rentan terkena infeksi saluran pernapasan . Akibat negatif lainnya yaitu
menyebabkan gigi,jari,dan ku perokok menjadi kuning kehitam-hitaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbonmonoksida</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbonmonoksida adalah suatu gas yang di hasilkan
dari pembakaran yang tidak sempurna yang merupakan racun bagi tubuh bila
terhisap dalam jumlah banyak.gas ini di dalam darah menggantikan ikatan oksigen
dan hemoglobin dalam erythrosit(sel darah merah) sehingga darah akan kekurangan
oksigen . Bila ini berlangsung dalam waktu yang lama dan dalam jumlah yang
besar dapat mengakibatkan pingsan,jika terus-menerus terjadi dapat mengakibatkan
kematian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Penggunaan maupun
dampak dari tembakau berperan penting dalam mengawali serta berkembangnya
penyakit tersebut. Hampir sama dengan penyakit autoimune lainnya, Tromboangitis
Obliterans dapat memiliki sebuah predisposisi genetik tanpa penyebab mutasi gen
secara langsung. Sebagian besar peneliti mencurigai bahwa penyakit imun adalah
suatu endarteritis yang dimediasi sistem imun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda Dan Gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari penyebab
yang telah diketahui, pada klien yang mengalami sindroma boerger, memiliki tanda
dan gejala seperti dibawah ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.Tangan
atau kaki mungkin pucat, merah, atau kebiru-biruan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.Tangan
atau kakimungkin terasa dingin.<br />
c. Sakit di tangan dan kaki.<br />
d. Terbakar atau kesemutan.<br />
e. Sering terjadi pada saat istirahat .<br />
f. Sakit di kaki, pergelangan kaki, atau kaki ketika berjalan (klaudikasio
intermiten).<br />
g. Perubahan kulit atau bisul pada tangan atau kaki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Syndrome Buerger
disebabkan karena faktor merokok yang dapat menimbulkan peningkatan asam pada
penyakit buerger. Sehingga Imun meningkat dan tubuh mengalami hipersensitivitas
yang menyebabkan kepekaan seluler serta meningkatkan enzim dan serum anti
endotenial. Karena meningkatnya enzim dan serum anti endotenial menyebabkan
vaskuler melemah sehingga terjadilah peningkatan HLA-A9, HLA-A54, dan HLA-B5,
dan akan mengakibatkan disfungsi vaskuler yang menimbulkan peradangan pada
arteri dan vena sehingga terbentuklah gangren dan akhirnya akan di amputasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 36px; left: 0px; margin-left: 292px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 5;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 35px; left: 0px; margin-left: 292px; margin-top: 411px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 10;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 291px; margin-top: 342px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 7;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 290px; margin-top: 93px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 4;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 291px; margin-top: 154px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 6;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 289px; margin-top: 280px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 3;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 289px; margin-top: 220px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 2;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peradangan arteri perifer<br />
<br />
<br />
Okulasi arteri<br />
<br />
<br />
Lesi thrombosis atau tromboflebitis<br />
<br />
<br />
Obstruksi vaskuler (terhentinya aliran darah secara local)<br />
<br />
<br />
Ischemic jaringan local<br />
<br />
<br />
Kemerahan /sianosis bila ekstermitas digantung<br />
<br />
<br />
Perubahan mengenai 1 ekstermitas/beberapa jari<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 35px; left: 0px; margin-left: 294px; margin-top: 28px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 11;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebiruan/ kehitaman</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 35px; left: 0px; margin-left: 294px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 12;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerusakan kulit</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 29px; left: 0px; margin-left: 465px; margin-top: 83px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 13;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 148px; z-index: 9;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" width="148" /></span><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 306px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 142px; z-index: 8;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif" width="142" /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ulkus<br />
<br />
<br />
Kerusakan integritas kulit<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Amputasi<br />
</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 465px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 14;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merasa masih ada anggota tubuh yang
diamputasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="height: 36px; margin-left: 465px; margin-top: 50px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 15;"><img height="36" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 15;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gelisah<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 324.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cemas<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan diagnostik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
terdapat pemeriksaan laboratorium yang spesifik untuk mendiagnosis penyakit
Buerger. Tidak seperti penyakit vaskulitis lainnya, reaksi fase akut (seperti
angka sedimen eritrosit dan level protein C reaktif) pasien penyakit Buerger
adalah normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian yang direkomendasikan untuk mendiagnosis
penyebab terjadinya vaskulitis termasuk didalamnya adalah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaaan darah lengkap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol;">pada penderita syndrome boerger pemeriksaan darah
yang dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar Hb</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemoglobin
adalah suatu substansi protein dalam sel-sel darah yang terdiri dari zat besi,
yang merupakan pembawa oksigen. Nilai hemoglobin yang tinggi dapat disebabkan
karena hemokonsentrasi akibat dehidrasi. Nilai hemoglobin yang rendah
berhubungan dengan masalah klinis seperti anemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai-nilai
rujukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewasa
: pria 13,5-18 g/dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Wanita 12-16 g/dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak
: bayi baru lahir 12 -24 g/dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6 bulan- 1 tahun 10-15 g/dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 – 14 tahun 11-16 g/dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukosit berfungsi mempertahankan
tubuh dari serangan penyakit dengan cara memakan (fagositosis) penyakit
tersebut. Itulah sebabnya leukosit disebut juga fagosit. Leukosit mempunyai
bentuk yang berbeda dengan eritrosit. Jumlah normal leukosit 5000 – 10.000 /µl.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah sel anuclear dengan bentuk tak
beraturan dengan ukuran diameter 2-3 µm yang merupakan fragmentasi dari megakariosit
pendahulunya. Keping darah tersirkulasi dalam darah dan terlibat dalam
mekanisme hemostasis tingkat sel yang menimbulkan pembekuan darah (trombus).
Jumlah normal trombosit 150.000 – 400.000 /µl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji fungsi hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Determinasi konsentrasi serum kreatinin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kadar gula darah dan angka
sedimen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian antibody antinuclear, faktor
rematoid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanda-tanda serologi pada CREST (calcinosis
cutis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Raynaud phenomenon, sklerodaktili and
telangiektasis) sindrom dan scleroderma dan screening untuk hiperkoagulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan antibodi antifosfolipid dan
homocystein pada pasien buerger sangat dianjurkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angiogram pada ekstremitas atas dan bawah dapat membantu dalam
mendiagnosis penyakit Buerger. Pada angiografii tersebut ditemukan gambaran “<i>corkscrew</i>”
dari arteri yang terjadi akibat dari kerusakan vaskular, bagian kecil arteri
tersebut pada bagian pergelangan tangan dan kaki. Angiografi juga dapat
menunjukkan oklusi (hambatan) atau stenosis (kekakuan) pada berbagai daerah
dari tangan dan kaki.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar2 . </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Angiogram Kapiler/ Perifer normal dan abnormal</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://doctorology.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/angiogram-buerger-disease.jpg" marked="1"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img alt="angiogram buerger disease" border="0" height="152" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" width="248" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gb2a :</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Angiogram normal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GB2b</b>
: Angiogram abnormal.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : (http://<a href="http://doctorology.net/?p=172" marked="1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">doctorology.net/?p=172</span></a>, diperoleh hari Rabu,
11 Mei 2011)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penurunan aliran darah (iskemi) pada tangan
dapat dilihat pada angiogram. Keadaan ini akan memgawali terjadinya ulkus pada
tangan dan rasa nyeri.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 3.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Angiogram abnormal
dari tangan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://doctorology.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/angiogram-abnormal-tangan-buerger-disease.jpg" marked="1"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><img alt="angiogram abnormal tangan buerger disease" border="0" height="173" src="file:///C:\Users\Mala\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg" width="239" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> : (http://<a href="http://doctorology.net/?p=172" marked="1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">doctorology.net/?p=172</span></a>, diperoleh hari Rabu,
11 Mei 2011)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun iskemik (berkurangannya aliran darah) pada penyakit
Buerger terus terjadi pada ekstrimitas distal yang terjadi, penyakit ini tidak
menyebar ke organ lainnya , tidak seperti penyakit vaskulitis lainnya. Saat
terjadi ulkus dan gangren pada jari, organ lain sperti paru-paru, ginjal, otak,
dan traktus gastrointestinal tidak terpengaruh. Penyebab hal ini terjadi belum
diketahui.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
dengan Doppler dapat juga membantu dalam mendiagnosis penyakit ini, yaitu
dengan mengetahui kecepatan aliran darah dalam pembuluh darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pemeriksaan histopatologis, lesi dini memperlihatkan oklusi pembuluh darah oleh
trombus yang mengandung PMN dan mikroabses; penebalan dinding pembuluh darah
secara difus. LCsi yang lanjut biasanya memperlihatkan infiltrasi limfosit
dengan rekanalisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode penggambaran secara modern, seperti
computerize tomography (CT) dan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dalam
diagnosis dan diagnosis banding dari penyakit Buerger masih belum dapat menjadi
acuan utama. Pada pasien dengan ulkus kaki yang dicurigai Tromboangitis
Obliterans, Allen test sebaiknya dilakukan untuk mengetahui sirkulasi darah
pada tangan dan kaki.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.
Penatalaksanaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1). Pengobatan spesifik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
pengobatan spesifik yang telah ditemukan belum ada yang diterima secara luas,
walaupun antikoagulan, dekstran, fenilbutazon, piridinolkarbamat, inositol
niasinat dan steroid direkomendasikan. Lebih baru lagi dikatakan terapi dengan
prostaglandin (PGA<sub>1</sub>) dan <i>defibrotide</i> sama baiknya dengan zat
pencegah agregasi platelet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 68.2pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keperawatan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1).
Tindakan untuk menghentikan progresivitas penyakit, antara lain pasien <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mutlak harus berhenti merokok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2). Tindakan untuk menimbulkan
vasodilatasi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Simpatektomi lumbal, yaitu dengan mengangkat 2-3 buah ganglion simpatik L I dan
L III (L I – IV). Tindakan ini masih kontroversi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Mencegah vasokontriksi dengan menjaga suhu. Suhu paling baik ialah suhu kamar
dan dianjurkan tinggal di daerah iklim panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3).
Cara memperbaiki sirkulasi ialah dengan <i>oscillating bed </i>dan letak kaki
20 – 30 cm di bawah permukaan jantung (bila edema kaki diletakkan setinggi
jantung).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4).
Tindakan untuk menghilangkan rasa nyeri pada klaudikasio intermiten ialah
dengan jangan banyak jalan. Bila terdapat keluhan nyeri spontan tungkai
diistirahatkan, bahkan tidak jarang dilakukan amputasi untuk menghilangkan rasa
nyeri tersebut. Indikasi amputasi ialah terdapatnya gangren yang luas atau
infeksi yang tak dapat diatasi, rasa nyeri yang tak dapat diatasi dengan
obat-obatan atau tindakan operatif lainnya; dan pada arteriografi tidak
menunjukkan kolateralisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5). Pencegahan dan pengobatan
terhadap ulserasi/gangren dengan cara:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Mencegah </span><a href="http://wiki.blogbeken.com/tag/trauma" marked="1" title="Trauma"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">trauma</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/infeksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, penting untuk memelihara kebersihan
kaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Direndam dengan larutan permanganat kalikus 1/5.000 selama 20 menit tiap hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Antibiotik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komplikasi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komplikasi yang mungkin terjadi pada
klien yang mengalami gangguan sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kardiovaskuler : sindrom boerger<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Amputasi.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Gangren (kematian jaringan). <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. Kehilangan sirkulasi luar
ekstremitas yang terkena ketika ke kontak profesional <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>medis.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN KLIEN DENGAN GANGGUAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SISTEM
KARDIOVASKULER : SYNDROMA BOERGER</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian adalah pemikiran dasar
dari proses keperawatan yang bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan informasi atau data
tentang klien, agar dapat mengidentifikasi, mengenali masalah-masalah,
kebutuhan kesehatan dan keperawatan klien, baik fisik, mental, sosial dan
lingkungan (Effendy, 1995).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal – hal yang harus dikaji pada klien yang
mengalami gangguan sistem kardiovaskuler : syndrome boerger adalah :<br />
1. Sirkulasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda: riwayat hipertensi (efek
vasospasme), perubahan warna pada bagian yang <br />
sakit pada pemajanan dingin (timbul pada dewasa awal) <br />
Gejala: warna kulit jari/bagian yang sakit( tergantung pada fase observasi) <br />
tampak putih pucat kemudian sianotik, kemudian hiperemik (merah), tanda <br />
lambat/progersif : kulit putih atau tidak berwarna, mengkilat halus, tegang,
nadi <br />
radial dan ulnar dapat normal dini atau tak ada, kuku tabuh/deformitas dapat <br />
terjadi (lanjut), ulserasi pada daerah ganggren. Capilarry refill adalah
pengisisan kembali kapiler yang dilakukan dengan menekan kuku dengan jempol
pasien dengan jempol perawat dan dilihat selama kurang dari 2 detik, jika tidak
kembali kurang dari 2 detik, maka sirkulasi darah ke jaringan perifer tersumbat
dapat dikatakan adanya gangguan capilary refill.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Integritas ego<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gejala: strees dan reaksi emosi kuat
(pencetus).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Neurosensori <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gejala: parestesia, kebas pada jari,
sakit kepala berulang (vasospasme/efek <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hormonal), tanda : hilangnya
koosdinasi motorik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Nyeri / kenyamanan <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gejala: nyeri berddenyut selama
fase kemerahan perubahan warna (vasodilatasi), <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sensitf terhadap tekanan bagian
yang sakit, tanda : hati-hati, gellisah.<br />
5. Pernapasan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pengkajian pernafasan klien dapat kita inspeksi
ketika klien menarik nafas. Untuk mengetahui respiratorik pernafasan klien dan
pergerakn ekspansi pernafasan klien. Setelah di inspeksi kemudian lakukan
palpasi dengan cara meletakkan kedua tangan ke thorak klien untuk mengetahui
apakah ada edema atau pergerakan otot klien kemudian kita perkusi, untuk
mengetahui bunyi normal thorak klien mulai melakukan perkusi dari IC 1 sampai
IC 6. Bunyi paru-paru normal rensonan. Kemudian kita lakukan pencarian letak
jantung, letak jantung normal pada klien posisi baring dari IC 3 sampai IC 5
dan pada posisi duduk dari IC 1 sampai IC 7. Kemudian kita aukultasi untuk
mendengar bunyi S1 dan S2 pada paru-paru dan jantung dan bunyi abnormal S3, dan
S4.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6.
Keamanaan <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gejala: tindakan yang melibatkan
pengguanaan alat vibrasi atau memerlukan <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gerakann / tekanan berulang contoh :
mekanik, petani, pengetik, dll, Tanda : lesi <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada area ujung jari ukuran peniti
sampai seluruh jari (sangat luas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa Keperawatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa keperawatan sebagai <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">penilaian klinis terhadap respon individu,
keluarga dan masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terkait masalah
kesehatan aktual dan resiko/proses kehidupan. Diagnosa Keperawatan memberikan
dasar untuk memilih intervensi keperawatan untuk mencapai tujuan. NANDA (North
American Nursing Diagnosis Association, 1990).</span><br />
Diagnosa yang mungkin muncul yaitu : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan perfusi jaringan perifer
berhubungan dengan gangguan sirkulasi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko gangguan integritas kulit b.d
gangguan sirkulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri akut/kronis b.d vasospasme atau gangguan
perfusi jaringan yang sakit, kerusakan jaringan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perfusi jaringan, perubahan : perifer
b.d penghentian aliran darah arteri,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kurang pengetahuan ( kebutuhan belajar
mengenai kondisi, kebutuhan <br />
pengobatan b.d kurang pengetahuan / tidak mengenal sumber informasi, <br />
salah persepsi / salah mengerti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan Keperawatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari diagnosa diatas
dapat dibuat dua diagnosa utama pada klien dengan gangguan sistem
kardiovaskuler : sindrom boerger</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.9pt;" width="100">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.45pt;" width="125">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.45pt;" width="178">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 56.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 56.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.9pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
perfusi jaringan perifer berhubungan dengan gangaguan sirkulasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 56.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.45pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 3 x 24 jam, diharapkan dapat
meningkatkan suplai darah arteri ke ekstremitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria
hasil:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstremitas hangat pada perabaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna ekteremitas membaik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengurangi nyeri otot pada saat
latihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstremitas hangat pada perabaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna ekteremitas membaik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 16.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -11.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengurangi
nyeri otot pada saat latihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 56.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.45pt;" valign="top" width="178">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan
ekstremitas dibawah jantung </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendorong
latihan jalan sedang atau latihan ektremitas bertahap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 56.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstermitas bawah yang tergantung
memperlancar suplai darah arteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -13.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan otot memperbaik aliran
darah dan sirkulasi kolateral.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 166.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 166.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 166.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.9pt;" valign="top" width="100">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
gangguan integritas kulit b.d gangguan sirkulasi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 166.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.45pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dilakukan
tindakan keperawatan selama 3 x 24 jam, diharapkan dapat Pencapaian/
mempertahankan intergritas jaringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.9pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghindari trauma dan iritasi
kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi setiap hari untuk adanya
cedera atau ulserasi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 166.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.45pt;" valign="top" width="178">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 10.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -10.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengintruksi
cara menghindari trauma terhadap ekstrimitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 10.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -10.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperingatkan
untuk menghindari garukan atau gosokan kuat.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 166.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.15pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -11.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaringan
dengan nutrisi buruk peka terhadap trauma dan infeksi bakteria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -11.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggaruk
dan menggosok dapat menyebabkan abrasi kulit dan invasi bakteri.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implementasi Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat mengimplementasikan tindakan yang
telah diidentifikasi dalam rencana asuhan keperawatan kriteria proses : Bekerja
sama dengan klien dalam pelaksanaan tindakan keperawatan kolaborasi dengan
profesi kesehatan lain untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan klien, m<span class="notranslate">engkaji ulang dan merevisi pelaksanaan tindakan keperawatan
berdasarkan respon klien.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi adalah perbandingan yang sistemik dan
terencana tentang kesehatan klien dengan tujuan yang ditetapkan, dilakukan
dengan cara berkesinambungan dengan melibatkan klien dan tenaga kesehatan
lainnya.<br />
<span class="notranslate">Perawat mengevaluasi kemajuan klien terhadap tindakan
dalam pencapaian tujuan dan merevisidata dasar serta perencanaan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span class="notranslate"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari dua diagnosa diatas dapat disimpulkan :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan perfusi jaringan perifer
berhubungan dengan gangaguan sirkulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S
: klien mengatakan nyeri ototnya sudah berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O
: cyanosisnya tampak berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
: masalah teratasi sebagian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P
: lanjutkan intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko gangguan integritas kulit b.d gangguan
sirkulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S
: klien mengatakan kulitnya terasa nyaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O
: ulkus pada kulit klien tampak mengering</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
: masalah teratasi sebagian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P
: lanjutkan intervensi<span class="notranslate"></span></span></div>
Ners AmmaRhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17743315143081739375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-10711074608133588042017-05-25T09:09:00.001-07:002017-05-25T09:09:53.468-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN KANKER LIDAH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karsinoma lidah
adalah suatu tumor yang terjadi didasar mulut, kadang-kadang meluas kearah
lidah dan menyebabkan gangguan mobilitas.Telah banyak orang menderita penyakit
perikarditis ini. Menurut 3,7% warga dunia telah menderita penyakit
perikarditis, sekitar 0,5% penderitanya sudah meninggal. Sedangkan dindonesia
sendiri, diperkirakan sekitar 2,8% warga indonesia telah menderita penyakit Ca
lidah ini, diperkirakan 1,2% penderitanya sudah meninggal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit Ca lidah ini penyebabnya bisa disebabkan
oleh beberapa faktor seperti faktor luar, heriditer maupun non heriditer.Faktor
luar meliputi rokok, alcohol, infeksi kronis dan trauma krinis.Faktor non
heriditer meliputi Faktor fisik seperti sinar ultraviolet, Faktor biologis
seperti virus (papiloma yang ditularkan melalui hubungan suami istri,
hepatitis) parasit, dan bakteri.Pada orang yang menderita penyakit Ca lidah
dapat disembuhkan apabila peradangannya belum meluas.Crania adalah dapat kita
lakukan dengan memberikan terapi seperti radioterapi.Selain itu, kita juga
dapat memberikan obat yang berguna untuk mengurangi peradangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
definisi penyakit dari Ca lidah ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
sajakah penyebab dari penyakit Ca lidah ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan
gejala dari penyakit Ca lidah !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
patofisiologi dari penyakit Ca lidah !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan
asuhan keperawatan dari Ca lidah !</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan tentang definisi penyakit Ca lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan etiologi penyakit Ca lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan manifestasi klinis penyakit Ca lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu menjelaskan tentang pathofisiologi penyakit Ca lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa
mampu menentukan asuhan keperawatan tentang penyakit Ca lidah.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
dengan Ca lidah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karsinoma lidah
adalah suatu tumor yang terjadi didasar mulut, kadang-kadang meluas kearah
lidah dan menyebabkan gangguan mobilitas lidah (Van de Velde, 1999).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker lidah adalah
suatu neoplasma malignat yang timbul dari jaringan epitel mukosa lidah dengan
selnya berbentuk squamous cell carcinoma (cell epitel gepeng berlapis) dan
terjadi akibat ransangan menahun, juga beberapa penyakit-penyakit tertentu
(premalignant) seperti syphilis dan plumer vision syndrome, leukoplasia,
reytoplasia.Kanker ganas ini dapat menginfiltrasi ke daerah sekitarnya, di
samping itu dapat melakukan metastase secara limfogen dan hematogen.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker lidah yaitu adanya daging atau benjolan yang tumbuh
menempel pada lidah. Untuk jenis inipun memiliki ragan jenis antara lain
benjolan yang tumbuh di lidah bagian atas dimana makin lama makin membesar,
sehingga sulit untuk mencerna makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker lidah yang sering terjadi adalah tipe karsinoma sel
skuamosa, sedangkan untuk jenis yang lainnya jarang terjadi. Kanker lidah
meningkat sejalan dengan peningkatan usia. Umumnya hal ini terjadi pada usia
sekitar 60 tahun, tetapi hal ini telah terjadi pergesaran usia lebih
muda. Selain itu kanker lidah ternyata juga dipicu oleh pemakaian gigi
palsu yang tidak sesuai, kebersihan mulut yang buruk, radang kronis dan genetikpun
juga ternyata menjadi penyebabknya.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kank</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">er ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memiliki penyebab yang multifaktorial dan
suatu proses yang terdiri dari beberapa langkah yang melibatkan inisiasi,
promosi dan perkembangan tumor. Secara garis besar, etiologi kanker lidah:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor lokal, meliputi kebersihan rongga mulut yang
jelek, iritasi kronis dari restorasi, gigi-gigi karies atau akar gigi, gigi
palsu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor luar, karsinogen kimia berupa rokok dan cara
penggunaannya, tembakau, agen fisik, radiasi ionisasi, virus, sinar matahari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor lain, meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, nutrisi
imunologi dan genetik. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi Klinis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
awal umumnya berupa ulkus tanpa nyeri yang tidak sembuh-sembuh. Kemudian
membesar dan menekan atau menginfiltrsi jaringan sekitar yang megakibatkan nyeri
lokal, otalgia ipsilateral dan nyeri mandibula (Suyatno, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infiltrasi
ke otot-otot ini mengakibatkan gerakan lidah terbatas sehingga proses menelan
bolus makanan dan bicara terganggu. Kanker ini dapat menginfiltrasi jaringan
sekitarnya seperti dasar mulut (floor of mouth, FOM), dasar lidah dan tonsil
(Suyatno, 2010. Bedah Onkologi Diagnostik dan Terapi. Jakarta: Sagung Seto).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejalan
dengan kemajuan kanker pasien dapat mengeluhkan nyeri tekan, kesulitan
mengunyah, menelan, dan berbicara, batuk dengan sputum bersemu darah atau
terjadi pembesaran nodus limfe servikal. (Baughman Diane C, 2000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GEJALA DINI KANKER LIDAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar
dari kanker lidah, terjadi di bagian mukosa. Gejala dini kanker lidah adalah
ketidaknyamanan dilidah, nyeri, adanya lesi di lidah dengan ukuran 1-2cm.
Gejala kanker lidah dibagi 3, yaitu, sariawan, eksogen dan infiltrasi. Gejala
eksogen adalah seperti bisul berbentuk seperti kembang kol, disertai nyeri, dan
nyeri di daerah telinga dan temporal.Lesi juga berkomplikasi bila terinfeksi;
mungkin pendarahan, berbau busuk, keterbatasan penggunaan fungsi lidah,
kesulitan makan, kesulitan berbicara, airliur sulit di kontrol.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GEJALA KANKER LIDAH LANJUT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada stadium
ini, kankernya sudah berkembang melampaui bagian tengah lidah, dan sudah
terjadinya penyebaran ke kelenjar getah bening.Biasanya rute penyebarannya
adalah ke kelenjar getah bening servikal, yang lalu diikuti ke kelenjar getah
bening submental dan sekelompok getah bening dalam lainnya.Tingkat
penyebarannya cukup cepat, jadi sebaiknya segera menjalani pengobatan sebelum
parah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahli
di Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou mengatakan, bila sudah merasa ada gejala,
segera periksakan diri ke dokter supaya tidak menunda pengobatan.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejadian kanker
lidah disebabkan oleh banyak faktor yang dikelompokkan menjadibeberapa
faktor.Yaitu, Faktor luar, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam dan
faktor lainya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor tersebut akan memicu
suatu rangsang karsinogen yang mengenai sel squamous carcinoma pada mukosa
mulut yang tidak mempunyai keratin sebagai pelindung. Dimukosa mulut tersebut,
zat-zat karsinogen tertampung dan berproliferasi secara tidak terkontrol.
Kanker lidah yang mengenai radix linguae biasanya asimptomatis hingga proses
penyakit berlanjut hingga timbul nyeri menelan dan pergerakan lidah yang
terbatas. Kanker pada posterior lidah (radix linguae) dominan bermetastase
kecolli/leher.Ketika kanker mengenai corpus linguae tanda yang paling sering
terlihat adalah putih-putih pada lidah yang tidak bisa dihilangkan.Kemudian
bisa terbentuk ulkus yangmudah berdarah.Kanker pada anterior (corpus linguae)
dominan metastase pada kelenjar limfe submental dan
submandibular.Penatalaksanaan kanker lidah meliputi operasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">glosektomi dan diseksi
leher yang dilanjutkan dengan kemoterapi.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemeriksaan
diagnostik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultrasound yaitu dipakai untuk menilai massa sepervisial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scan CT dan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) yaitu digunakan untuk lesi lebih dalam dan
menilai struktur lebih dalam pada tumor dan menunjukkan apakah terdapat
metastase atau tidak (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charlene J. Reeves,
2001, hal: 133</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan lingkup (tabung
serat optik yang tipis dengan kamera keci)l digunakan untuk memeriksa pangkal
lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidah biopsi (pengangkatan
sampel jaringan lidah) digunakan untuk menguji sel-sel kanker.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X-Ray dada dipakai
untuk menentukan apakah kanker telah menyebar ke paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komplikasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi akut
yang dapat terjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muskositis oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan inflamasi pada mukosa
mulut berupa eritema dan adanya ulser. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandidiasis oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebabkan oleh jamur candida
albicansdan ditemukan pada pasien yang menerima radioterapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dysgeusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan respon awal hilangnya
rasa pengecapan, dimana salah satunya dapat disebabkan oleh terapi radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Xerostomia atau
mulut kering</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditemukan pada pasien yang
menerima radio terapi tergantung pada dosis yang diterima kelenjar salifa dan
volume jaringan kelenjar yang menerima radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komplikasi kronis yang dapat terjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">karies gigi atau
radiasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">disebabkan paparan radiasi
dimana mempunyai onset dan progresi yang cepat sampai mengalami kerusakan yang
lengkap pada semua gigi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteordionekrosis
atau ORN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan nekroseiskemik tulang
yang disebabkan oleh radiasi yang menyebabkan rasa sakit karna kehilangan
banyak struktur tulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nekrose pada
jaringan lunak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">merupaka ulser yang terdapat
pada jaringan yang teradiasi, tanpa adanya proses keganasan. Timbulnya nekrose
pada jaringan lunak ini berhubungan dengan dosis, waktu, dan volume kelenjar
yang teradiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penatalaksanaan Medis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
bervariasi dengan sifat dari lesi, cara yang dipilih dokter, dan pilihan pasie</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">n:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lesi kecil (T1, T2) terapi utama
adalah pembedahan dan radioterapi.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Radioterapi
mungkin dapat memberiikan hasil kuratif pada lesi T1 dan T2 dengan preservasi
struktur anatomi dan fungsi yang normal. Namun radioterapi sering menimbulkan
kompllikasi berupa edema lidah yang memerlukan trakeostomi, xerostomia,
disgeusia dan osteoradionekrosis, hal ini mengakibatkan tindakan kurang
diminati</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Suyatno, 2010)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi pembedahan pada kanker lidah
adalah eksisi luas dengan batas sayatan bebas tumor (konfirmasi potong beku).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan ini
memerlukan partial glosectomy dan umumnya pasca operasi fungsi baik. Lokal
kontrol untuk 5 tahun pada T1 adalah 85% dan T2 adalah 80%.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada T3 dan T4 terapi utama adalah pembedahan. Hasil
kuratif hanya bisa dicapai dangan reseksi en bloc yang komplet daris emua tumor
dan jaringan sekitar dengan sayatan secara mikroskopis bebas tumor. RND</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Radical Neck Dissection)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> harus dilakukan pada klinis N
positif</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, RND adalah pengangkatan kelenjar getah bening leher level I sampai V,
musculus sternokleidomastoid, vena jugularis interna, dan nervus assesoris (en
bloc). Batas diseksi, superior adalah musculus trapezius, anterior adalah tepi
lateral musculus sternohiod dan batas bagian dalam adalah fasia servikal yang
menutupi musculus levator scapulae dan scalenus. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SND</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (selective neck dissection)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> level 1-3 dilakukan pada N</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SND harus
dilakukan oleh tingginya insiden occult metastasis kelenjar getah bening leher.
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SND adalah pengangkatan kelenjar getah bening pada level tertentu yang
mempunyai risiko tinggi metastasis dengan mempertahankan nervus assesorius,
vena jugularis interna dan musculus sternokleidomastoid. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembedahan
memberikan kuratifitas yang lebih baik dibandigkan radioterapi dan memungkinkan
untuk evaluasi patologi dari faktor prognositik. Terkadang dibutuhkan
rekonstruksi langsung (myocutaneous flap atau vacular free flap) untuk
mempertahankan fungsi dan kosmetik</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Suyatno,
2010)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reseksi
pembedahan pada kanker mulut mencakup mandibulectomi parsial, hemiglossectomi
atau total glossectomi, dan resection bagian dasar mulut dengan buccal mukosa.
Prosedur pembedahan mencakup pembedahan leher dengan pengangkatan otot leher
lain, vena jugularis interna, kelenjar gondok, kelenjar submandibular, dan
saraf spinal tambahan. Penanganan pasien yang menderita kanker mulut dikelola
oleh seluruh tim kesehatan. Rujukan pada terapi bicara, terapi pekerjaan,
psikolog, dan ahli diet sangat penting karena berhubungan dengan masalah yang
mungkin muncul berikut ini yaitu komunikasi verbal, mengunyah, dan menelan yang
membawa perubahan tampilan diri serta harga diri. (Charlene J. Reeves, 2001)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemoterapi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian kemoterapi pada kanker nasofaring diindikasikan pada kasus
penyebaran ke kelenjar getah bening leher, metastasis jauh dan kasus-kasus
residif. Kemoterapi dapat diberikan sebelum (neoadjuvan), selama (concurrent)
atau setelah (adjuvan) pemberian kemoterapi. Regimen keomterapi aktif antara
lain: cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, epirubicin, bleomycin,
mitoxantron, methotrexate dan alkaloid vinca.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar pemberian kemoterapi neoadjuvan/ induksi kemoterapi dengan
radioterapi ada 2. Pertama: reduksi sitotoksik tumor primer dan kelenjar dapat
meningkatkan kontrol lokoregional. Kedua: eradikasi mirometastase sistemik pada
stadium dini dapat mengurangi relaps metastasis jauh. Pemberian kemoterapi saat
siklus radioterapi (concominant) menawarkan potensi sensitivitas tumor terhadap
radiasi dan juga kemungkinan eradikasi mikrometastase. Akan tetapi juga
menawarkan peningkatan resiko toksisitas. Tujuan kemoterapi adjuvan yang
diberikan setelah radioterapi adalah untuk mengurangi tingginya tingkat
kegagalan terhadap metastase jauh.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampai sekarang regimen dengan dasar platinum merupakan standart
kemoterapi pada pasien kanker nasofaring dengan metastase, terapi lini pertama
yang paling banyak digunakan adalah kombinasi cisplatin dan 5-FU, yang mencapai
rasio respon 66%-76%. Kombinasi platinum dengan bahan baru seperti gemcitabine
atau paclitaxel telah menunjuukan respon yang baik. Adapun efek samping dari
kemoterapi antara lain : efek toksix pada sumsum tulang dan dapat mengakibatkan
neutropenia, trombositopenia, anemia, infeksi telinga tengah, sinusitis,
faringitis, diare, perdarahan ulkus gastrointestinal(melena, hematemesis),
stomatitis, mual muntah, alopesia, sterilitas(kemandulan sementara atau
permanen).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asuhan Kepe</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.1 Pengkajian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan atau keletihan, perubahan
pada pola istirahat; adanya factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tidur seperti
nyeri, ansietas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eliminasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
pola defekasi konstipasi atau diare, perubahan eliminasi urin, perubahan bising
usus, distensi abdomen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan / cairan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebiasaan
diri buruk (rendah serat, aditif, bahan pengawet), anoreksia, mual-muntah,
mulut rasa kering, intoleransi makanan, perubahan berat badan, perubahan
kelembapan turgor kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neurosensori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sakit
kepala, tinitus, tuli, juling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri / kenyamanan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
tidak nyaman di telinga sampai rasa nyeri telinga (otalgia), rasa kaku di
daerah leher karena fibrosis jaringan akibat penyinaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernapasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merokok
(tembakau, hidup dengan seseorang yang merokok).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keamanan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemajanan
pada kimia toksik, karsinogen, pemajanan matahari lama berlebihan, demam, ruam
kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seksualitas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masalah seksual misalnya dampak hubungan, perubahan pada
tingkat kepuasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interaksi Sosial</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakadekuatan
atau kelemahan system pendukung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.2 Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri (akut) b.d</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ulkus pada
lidah akibat kanker.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan
komunikasi verbal b.d penurunan neurologi dan kemampuan menelan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari
kebutuhan tubuh b.d kesukaran menelan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="Section2" style="text-align: justify;">
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.1pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Diagnosa
Keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan/Kriteria
Hasil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.1pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nyeri (akut) b.d</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ulkus pada lidah akibat kanker.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasa nyeri teratasi atau
terkontrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">K.H:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mendemonstrasikan
penggunaan ketrampilan relaksasi nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melaporkan
penghilangan nyeri maksimal/kontrol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan tindakan kenyamanan
(misal: gosok punggung) dan kativitas hiburan (misal: musik, televisi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong penggunaan keterampilan
manajemen nyeri (misal: teknik relaksasi, visualisasi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi dengan dokter dalam
terapi analgesik (morfin, metadon)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 68.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 129.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan relaksasi dan
membantu menfokuskan kembali perhatian.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memungkinkan pasien untuk
berpartisipasi secara aktif dan meningkatkan rasa kontrol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri adalah komplikasi sering
dari kanker, meskipun respon individu berbeda.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.1pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan
komunikasi verbal b.d penurunan neurologi dan kemampuan menelan.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
terjadi kerusakan komunikasi verbal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
K.H :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunikasi lancar.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
kemampuan komunikasi klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Sediakan alat komunikasi yang lain seperti papan tulis atau buku jika klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Responsif terhadap bel panggilan dari klien.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
kemampuan komunikasi klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediakan
alat komunikasi yang lain seperti papan tulis atau buku jika klien tidak
dapat berkomunikasi verbal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjaga
kepercayaan dari pasien.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.1pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari
kebutuhan tubuh b.d kesukaran menelan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan nutrisi dapat terpenuhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">K.H
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat badan meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nafsu makan meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sesuaikan diet sebelum dan sesudah
pemberian obat sesuai dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kesukaan dan toleransi pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anjurkan pasien untuk mematuhi
diet yang telah diprogramkan.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikan oral hygiene</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dorong pasien untuk makan diet
tinggi kalori, kaya nutrien dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">masukan cairan adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kolaborasi dengan spesialis THT
untuk pemasangan nasogastrik tube.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepatuhan terhadap diet dapat
mencegah komplikasi terjadinya hipoglikemia/hiperglikemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan nafsu makan.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis makanan ini akan
meningkatkan pemenuhan nutrisi tanpa meningkatkan stimulus pada pencernaan.</span></div>
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</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 32.9pt; mso-element-top: 71.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
III</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carsinoma lidah
adalah penyakit yang mempunyai tingkat kematian yang cukup tinggi dan mempunyai
prognosa yang jelek, terutama apabila mengenai sepertiga bagian posterior lidah
dan telah bermetastase ke servical dan leher, ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">submaksilaris, sub</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mandibularis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal-hal yang
berhubungan dengan penyakit-penyakit tertentu (premalignant) perlu diawasi oleh
dokter gigi di dalam menentukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gejala
awal dari suatu tumor yang ada pada lidah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun hal-hal
lain yang tidak kalah pentingnya adalah kebersihan dari mulut yang harus dijaga
terutama gigi berlubang dengan karang gigi yang banyak dan pemasangan prothesa
yang tidak cocok, serta penggunaan tembakau yang berlebihan (merokok/menyirih)
dan peminum berat (alkoholisme).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2
Saran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaikny</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menghindari
kemungkinan-kemungkinan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal-hal</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dapat
menyeb</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bkan kanker
lidah,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
candidiasis oral, kelainan bentuk lidah </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>minum-minman beralkohol, menjaga kebersihan mulut,dan tidak merokok. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://pisangkipas.wordpress.com/2009/05/18/candidiasis-oral/"><span style="color: black;">http://pisangkipas.wordpress.com/2009/05/18/candidiasis-oral/</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://rsyarifario.wordpress.com/2009/02/10/apakah-anda-tahu-kanker-lidah/"><span style="color: black;">http://rsyarifario.wordpress.com/2009/02/10/apakah-anda-tahu-kanker-lidah/</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080512164749AAWPuyL"><span style="color: black;">http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080512164749AAWPuyL</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis"><span style="color: black;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis</span></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Doenges E Mailyn.2008, Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan : Pedoman
untuk perencanaandan pendokumentasian perawatan pasien. Ed3. EGC, Jakarta</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-61090793283539849822016-08-09T16:02:00.000-07:002016-08-09T16:02:02.680-07:00MAKALAH EKG ( ELEKTROKARDIOGRAFI) MENGENAI GANGGUAN ARITMIA YANG BERASAL DARI SINUS DAN ATRIAL <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MAKALAH EKG ( ELEKTROKARDIOGRAFI) MENGENAI GANGGUAN ARITMIA
YANG BERASAL DARI SINUS DAN ATRIAL </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB 1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
gangguan pembentukan irama sinus dan irama atrial sangat berhubungan erat
dengan Aritmia. Aritmia adalah kelainan pada jantung yang berupa gangguan pada
frekuensi ketidakteraturan, tempat asal denyut atau konduksi impuls listrik
pada jantung. Aritmia merupakan penyakit yang berbahaya, sehingga memerlukan
pengobatan yang segera dan terapi yang teratur untuk mencegah kondisi yang
lebih buruk. Salah satu diagnosis aritmia yang paling popular digunakan adalah
dengan Electrocardiograph (ECG).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelainan
irama jantung dibagi atas dua kelompok besar yaitu irama jantung yang terlalu
lambat ( bradi-aritmia ) dan irama jantung yang terlalu cepat (taki-aritmia).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aritmia
merupakan gangguan pembentukan irama atau impuls yang di sebabkan oleh
kerusakan jantung. Dalam makalah ini kami akan menjelaskan mengenai gangguan
pembentukan irama sinus dan gangguan pembentukan irama atrial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simpul SA
merupakan pacu jantung alami dalam tubuh. Irama normal yang menstimulasi
jantung di sebut juga irama sinus. Artinya, depolarisasi dimualai oleh impuls
yang bersumber dari nodus SA.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
selamanya simpul SA Berfungsi normal. Pada makalah ini akan di jelaskan
mengenai gangguan pembentukan irama yang bersumber di sinus dan gangguan
pembentukan irama yang bersumber di atrial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
pembentukan impuls di atrial terjadi karena tidak adannya impuls dari SA node</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan
masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
proses penulisan Makalah Gangguan pembentukan irama sius dan irama atrial
mempunyai beberapa rumusan masalah diantaranya :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang
dimaksud Gangguan pembentukan irama sinus dan irama atrial ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">apa saja
yang termasuk gangguan pembentukan irama di sinus dan atrial ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimana
organ tersebut berada ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengapa
terjadi gangguan pembentukan irama sinus dan irama atrial ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana
akibat terjadinya gangguan irama sinus dan irama atral </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan makalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan makalah ini memiliki beberapa tujuan yang dicapai
oleh penulis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui gangguan pembentukan
impuls yang berasal dari sinus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengetahui gangguan pembentukan
impuls yang berasal dari atrial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TINJAUAN TEORITIS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan pembentukan impuls yang
berasal dari sinus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simpul SA merupakan pacu jantung alami dalam tubuh. Karena
itu, irama normal yang menstimulasi jantung disebut sebagai irama sinus.
Artinya, depolarisasi dimulai oleh implus yang bersumber dari nodus SA. Kapan
sebuah irama kita sebut irama sinus normal (normal sinus rhythm) ? Ketika ada
ketidaksamaan dengan kriteria irama sinus normal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak selamanya simpul SA berfungsi “normal”. Ada kalanya
laju cetusan implusnya lebih cepat (contoh: sinus takikardi), lebih lambat
(contoh: sinus bradikardi) atau tidak ada cetusan (seperti pada sinus arrest).
Tidak serta merta hal ini berarti penyakit. Sebagian besar mala hterjadi tanpa
keluhan apa-apa. Banyak factor mempengaruhi hal ini, terutama sistem saraf
otonom. Ketika melakukan aktifitas fisik, stimulasi saraf simpatis akan
meningkat. Stimulasi akan diresponi simpul SA dengan meningkatkan laju
cetusan implus sehingga sinus takikardi. Pada saat aktifitas fisik berat, laju
cetusan ini dapat melonjak tajam sehingga lebih dari 180x/menit, terutama pada
usia muda. Pada bayi, sinus takikardi normal dapat mencapai 200x/menit. Pada
kebanyakan kasus sinus takikardi juga merupakan respon fisiologis tubuh. Pada
saat istirahat (terutama malam hari saat tidur), pengaruh system syaraf
parasimpatis menjadi lebih dominan. Stimulus para simpatis akan diresponi
simpul SA dengan menurunkan laju cetusan impuls. Karena itu pada orang normal
yang beristirahat (terutama saat tidur malam), akan sering menemukansinus
bradikardi. Pada orang terletih (seperti atlit), sinus bradikardi dapat
mencapai frekuensi 40x/menit bahkan, irama juga kadang menjadi irama junstional
karena tonus vagal yang tinggi. Pada individu demikian, irama ini sering kali
normal. Pada populasi umum, jarang akan menemukan gangguan irama seperti ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan Pembentukan Impuls yang berasal dari Sinus ,
diantaranya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ARITMIA SINUS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus pernapasan juga berpengaruh
terhadap system syaraf otonom. Pada saat inspirasi stimulasi system syaraf
simpatis akan meningkat dengan akibat peningkatan laju denyut jantung.
Sebaliknya pada saat ekspirasi laju denyut jantung akan berkurang karena
pengaruh parasimpatis. Karena itu, kadang akan melihat pariasi laju denyut
jantung saat bernapas. Pada EKG akan melihat interval R-R yang bervariasi.
kriteria lain irama sinus tetap sama. Meskipun diberi nama aritmia sinus, irama
ini merupakan variasi normal yang terjadi akibat siklus pernapasan, terutama
pada anak-anak dan dewasa muda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar Aritmia Sinus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SINUS TAKIKARDI </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disebut takikardi bila laju denyut
jantung >100x/menit dengan kriteria irama sinus lain terpenuhi.
Sinus takikardi biasanya merespons fisiologis terhadap peningkatan stimulasi
simpatis terhadap simpuls SA. Misalnya pada kondisi kecemasan, ketakutan, rasa
marah, udara panas, rasa nyeri (seperti pada pasien trauma atau pasca operasi),
demam, infeksi, anemia, tiroktositosis, dehidrasi dan banyak kondisi lain.
Hal-hal seperti ini kerap kita temukan dirumah sakit. Dengan kata lain, sinus
takikardi merupakan respons fisiologis tubuh terhadap rangsang tertentu. Bila
satu saat pembaca menemukan sinus takikardi, tidak usah buru-buru memberi obat.
Pada umumnya, irama ini adalah usaha fisiologis jantung untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan metabolisme jaringan yang meningkat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab
terjadinya sinus takikardia bisa beragam, misalnya :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kecemaasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ketakutan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">demam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">olahraga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">anemia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dipertiroidisme</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">serangan
jantung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gagal
jantung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pendarahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyembuhan Sinus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sinus takikardia tidak seperti gangguan sinusitis yang
bisa menyebabkan komplikasi. Sinus takikardia jarang sekali menimbulkan
komplikasi yang serius.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Namun pasien dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://indobeta.com/penyakit-sinusitis/6279/"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyakit</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> jantung organik dan sinus
takikardia bisa mengalami CHF (<i>Congestive Hearth Failure</i> /gagal jantung
kongestif) atau iskemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di mana pada pasien jantung organik, sinus takikardia
menyebabkan waktu untuk mengisi ventikular semakin pendek, turunnya curah
jantung, meningkatnya komsumsi oksigen miokardium dan penurunan darah koroner.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan untuk mengobati sinus takikardia tidak ada
terapi khusus yang diperlukan untuk penyembuhan sinus takikardia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena seringnya sinus takikardia merupakan suatu
indikasi adanya penyakitan yang lebih signifikan, sehingga diperlukan perhatian
dan fokus khusus untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengobati penyakit penyebab
sinus takikardia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terapi awal yang diberikan bisa berupa pengobatan
untuk mengobati gangguan potensial. Atau dengan terapi lainnya jika penyebab
sinus takikardia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disposisi pasien sinus takikardia bergantung pada penyebab
sinus takikardia itu sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar
Sinus Takikardi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SINUS BRADIKARDI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinus bradikardi juga merupakan
fenomena yang sering kita temukan pada kondisi normal, terutama saat istirahat
atau pada orang muda / terlatih. Kita menyebut sinus bradikardi, bila laju
denyut jantung <60x 40-50x="" akan=""
aksisnya="" aktifitas="" atau=""
bahkan="" berubah="" bila=""
bradikardi="" catatan="" demikian=""
dengan="" denyut="" disadapan=""
fisik="" gelombang="" ii.="" ini=""
irama="" istirahat="" jantung="54x/menit"
jarang="" juga="" kecil="" keluhan.=""
kita="" kotak="" kriteria="" lain=""
laju="" memang="" mengalami="" mengganggu=""
menit.="" menit="" menunjukan=""
morfologi="" munkin="" normal="" o:p=""
p="" pingsan="" presinkop="" saat=""
sempoyongan="" sinkop="" sinus=""
terpenuhi.="" tidak="" untuk="" x=""
yang=""></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obat-obatan tertentu dapat
menurunkan ceusan impuls dari simpul SA, antara lain penyekat reseptor kalsium
(Calcium Channel antagonists), penyekat reseptor beta (β – blockers) dan amiodaron.
Bila tidak ada keluhan, tidak usah kuatir bila menemukan pasien sinus
bradikardi, terutama bila tidak ada penyakit lain yang menyertai. Akan tetapi,
sinus bradikardi juga dapat timbul pada beberapa kondisi patologis antara lain
infark miokardium (terutama dinding inferior) = peningkatan tekanan
intracranial, sindroma sinus sakit (sick sinus syndrome/SSS), hipotermia dan
hipotiroid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bradikardi sinus bisa terjadi karena
stimulasi vagal, intoksikasi digitalis, peningkatan tekanan intrakanial, atau
infark miokard (MI). Bradikardi sinus juga dijumpai pada olahragawan berat,
orang yang sangat kesakitan, atau orang yang mendapat pengobatan (propanolol,
reserpin, metildopa), pada keadaan hipoendokrin (miksedema, penyakit adison,
panhipopituitarisme), pada anoreksia nervosa, pada hipotermia, dan setelah
kerusakan bedah nodus SA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar sinus Bradikardi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SINUS ARREST</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinus arrest (sinus pause/sinus
standstill) merupakan sebuah keadaan yang ditandai oleh kegagalan nodus SA
menghasilkan potensial aksi. Bisa ditimbulkan oleh rangsangan vagal yang sangat
kuat seperti pada pemijatan / hipersensitifitas sinus karotis dan rangsangan
pada faring. Selain itu bisa juga disebabkan oleh obat-obatan atau penyakit
tertentu yang mengganggu pembentukan impuls di nodus SA, seperti yang telah
disebutkan diatas. Meskipun demikian, sinus arrest tidak selalu berarti
kelainan jantung. Pada orang sehat, arrest kadang timbul ≤2. Tanpa disertai
keluhan. Lebih dari itu biasanya menggambarkan kondisi patologis tertentu,
seperti disfungsi simpul SA / sinroma sinus sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manifestasi sinus arrest pada EKG
kita nilai dengan pengamatan hilangnya gelombang P. sebelumnya kita telah
pelajari bersama bahwa gelombang P adalah depleksi yang timbul akibat
depolarisasi atrium, bukan depolarisasi simpul SA. Pada EKG biasa kita tidak
bisa melihat aktifitas yang terjadi pada simpul SA karena masa ototnya yang
sangat kecil. Bila demikian, bagaimana kita dapat membedakan antara (1) simpul
SA gagal mencetuskan impuls yang kita kenal sebagai sinus arrest atau (2)
depolarisasi yang dihasilkan oleh simpil SA dihambat / block hingga tidak
mendepolarisasi atrium (sinoatrial exit block) ? pada EKG yang kita lihat sama,
yaitu hilangnya gelombang P dengan durasi pause yang bervariasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadang memang sulit membedakan
keduanya, karena sinoartial exit block juga dapat menunjukan pola yang tidak
khas / klasik. Beberapa hal yang mungkin dapat menjadi pertunjuk adalah (1)
interfal P-P pada irama sinus baselime, (2) durasi pause serta (3) irama yang
mengambil alih (subsidiary pacemaker). Hal-hal ini akan diuraikan lebih
jauh pada penjelasan tentang sinoartial exit block selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada sinus arrest, durasi pause
dapat bervariasi, namun bukan merupakan kelipatan aritmatika dari laju sinus
(interval P-P) baseline. Butuh waktu bagi simpul SA untuk dapat mencetuskan
depolarisasi yang baru. Waktu ini tidak dapat diprediksi, karena itu tidak akan
mengikuti kelipatan interval P-P sebelumnya. Pada pause yang cukup lama, dapat
terjadi episode asistol bila tidak ada subsidialy pacemaker bisa mengambil
alih. Pasien bisa mengalami sinkope atau sindroma Stokes-Adams bahkan kematian.
Karena pada sinus arrest subsidiary pacemaker yang ada di atrium juga sering
terganggu, kita biasanya akan menemukan junction escape complex/rhythm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektrokardiogram diperoleh dari
seorang wanita 40 tahun dengan riwayat kardiomiopati post partum. Saat ini
tidak ada keluahan. Pasien datang untuk rencana treadmill test. Evaluasi
ekokardiografi terakhir menunjukan hasil normal. Hasil treadmill test juga normal
apa yang dapat kita pelajari dari EKG ini? Perhatiakan bahwa durasi pause (b)
bukan merupakan kelihatan dari laju sinus baseline (a). saat pause, irama
junction (subsidiary pacemaker) sesaat mengambil alih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empat gelombang P pertama diteruskan
ke ventrikel menjadi kompleks QRS. Keempat gelombang P ini memiliki interval
P-P konstan (pada gambar memiliki label “a”). Setelah itu tampak bahwa
gelombang P hilang hampir 6 detik (kecepatan rekaman 25 mm/detik) dengan
interval yang diberi label “b”. Interval b ini bukan merupakan kelipatan dari
a. Diantaranya terdapat junction ascape rhythm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab umum sinus arest: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">peningkatan tonus vagal, atau
hipersensitivitas karotis sinus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">infark miokard akut, sinus simpul
degenerasi dan fibrosis, penyakit serebrovaskular, kecelakaan dan sebagainya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengkonsumsi digitalis, quinidine,
kalium, asetilkolin dan obat-obatan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala penangkapan Sinus: pasien
dengan periode panjang sinus arest akan mengalami pusing, gangguan kesadaran,
kejang-kejang atau bahkan serius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar sinus aresst</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DISFUNGSI SIMPUL SA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disfungsi simpul SA (sinus node
dysfunction/SND) merupakan gangguan pembentukan dan konduksi impuls di simpul
SA. Spektrumnya cukup luas, tidak terbatas dapa satu gambaran EKG tertentu.
Manifestasi pada EKG bisa berupa sinus bradycardia, sinus
pause/arrest/standstill.chronotropic incompetence, dan SA exit block tergantung
derajat berat ringanya disfungsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluhan yang timbul cukup
bervariasi. Sebagian besar malah tidak menunjukan gejala apa-apa. Seperti telah
disebutkan diatas,pasien dengan pause yang panjang, bisa terjadi sinkop/near
sinkop, stroke, atau bahkan kematian karena asistol, kecuali subsidiary
pacemaker mengambil alih fungsi pacu. Pasien-pasien dengan gejala seperti ini
membutuhkan back-up pacu jantung permanen (permanent pacemaker/PPM).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak jarang manifestasi pertama
pasien SND adalah keluhan berdebar-debar. Keluhan ini bisa disebabkan oleh
takiaritmia supraventrikel seperti fibrilasi atrium, atrial flutter (kepak
atrium) atau maka keadaan ini disebut sebagai sindroma bradi/takiaritmia yang
merupakan sebuah varien sindroma sinus sakit (sick sinus syndrome/SSS).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SND bisa disebabkan oleh intrinsic
dan ekstrinsik. Faktor-faktor intrinsik (intrinsic SDN) antara lain
pertambahan usia (ditandai oleh fibrosis simpul SA serta system konduksi yang
lebih distal) dan PJK. Penyakit jantung koroner sendiri dipercaya sebagai salah
satu penyebab cukup sering SDN akibat proses arterosklerotik yang juga mengenai
salah satu cabang arteri koroner yang mensuplai darah ke nodus SA (sinus node
arteri). Faktor-faktor ekstrinsik (exstrinsic SDN) yang sering memberi
kontribusi antara lain: (1) obat-obatan (penyekat reseptor beta, antagonis
kalsium, gigoksin, dan antiaritmia yang dapat memekan fungsi simpul SA), (2)
disfungsi otonom (seperti pada neurocardiogenetic sincope, caratid
hypersensitivity dan hipervagotonia pada atlit terlatih), dan (3) kelainan
metabolic endokrim (hipotiroidims dan hipotermia) serta gangguan elektrolit
(hipokalemia dan hipokalsemia).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan/Kelainan
pembentukan irama atrial</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disritmia
atrial merupakan kelainan pembentukan dan konduksi implus listrik di atrium. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme yang mendasari adalah : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
<i>automaticity</i> (sel miokard diatrium mengeluarkan implus sebelum implus
normal dari nodal SA ). Penyebab tersering adalah iskemia miokard , keracunan
obat, dan ketidak seimbangan elektrolit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Triggered
activity</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (kelainan implus listrik yang kadang muncul saat
repolarisasi,saat sel sedang ‘tenang’ dan dengan stimulus satu implus saja
sel-sel miokard ‘tersentak’ beberapa kali). Penyebab tersering adalah hipoksia
peningkatan katekolamin , hipo-magnesemia, iskemia, infark miokard dan obat
yang memperpanjang repolarisasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Re-entry
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(keadaan
dimana implus kembali menstimulasi jaringan yang sudah terdepolarisasi melalui
mekanisme sirkuit, blok <i>unidirectional</i> dalam konduksi serta perlambatan
konduksi dalam sirkuit). Penyebab tersering adalah hiperkalemia dan iskemia
miokard. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompleks
atrial (atrial flutter)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi bila ada titik focus di
atrium yang menangkap irama jantung dan membuat impuls antara 250 sampai 400
kali permenit. Karakter penting pada disritmia ini adalah terjadinya penyekat
tetapi terhadap nodus AV, yang mencegah penghantaran beberapa impuls.
Penghantaran impuls melalui jantung sebenarnya masih normal, sehingga kompleks
QRS tak terpengaruh. Inilah tanda penting dari disritmia tipe ini, karena
hantaran 1:1 impuls atrium yang dilepaskan 250 – 400 kali permenit akan
mengakibatkan fibrilasi ventrikel, suatu disritmia yang mengancam nyawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepak
atrial klasik diakibatkan adanya sirkuit re-entry yang khas dan kebanyakan
melibatkan atrium kanan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laju
: laju atrial 250 – 450 kali permenit .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irama
: irama atrial teratur tetapi , irama ventrikel bisa teratur atau tidak
tergantung produksi atau blok atrioventrikular.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang
P : tidak bisa diidentifikasi dan
berbentuk gigi gerjaji</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 184.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(saw tooth appearance).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interval PR
: tidak bisa diukur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar Atrial Flutter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fibrilasi
atrial ( AF=atrial fibirilation)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fibrilasi atrium (kontraksi otot atrium yang tidak
terorganisasi dan tidak terkoordinasi) biasanya berhubungan dengan penyakit
jantung aterosklerotik, penyakit katup jantung, gagal jantung kongestif,
tirotoksikosis, cor pulmonale, atau penyakit jantung kongenital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Depolarisasi muncul dibanyak tempat
diatrium , menyebabkan depolarisasi yang tidak terkoordinasi dengan frekuensi
tinggi. Sentakan fokus xtopik pada struktur vena yang dekat dengan atrium (
biasanya vena pulmonal) merupakan penyebab utama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laju
: laju atrial 400-600 kali permenit , laju ventrikel bervariasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irama
: irama ventrikel tidak teratur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -95.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang P : tak
dapat diidentifikasi , garis baseline berpindah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -95.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Durasi
QRS : 0.10 detik atau
kurang kecuali ada perlambatan konduksi intraventrikel.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -95.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hantaran
: Biasanya normal melalui ventrikel. Ditandai oleh respons ventrikuler
ireguler, karena nodus AV tidak berespon terhadap frekwensi atrium yang cepat,
maka impuls yang dihantarkan menyebabkan ventrikel berespon ireguler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 177.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanganan diarahkan untuk mengurangi iritabilitas atrium
dan mengurangi frekwensi respons ventrikel. Pasien dengan fibrilasi atrium
kronik, perlu diberikan terapi antikoagulan untuk mencegah tromboembolitik yang
dapat terbentuk di atrium.<br />
Obat pilihan untuk menangani fibrilasi atrium sama dengan yang digunakan pada
penatalaksanaan PAT, preparat digitalis digunakan untuk memperlambat frekwensi
jantung dan antidisritmia seperti quinidin digunakan untuk menekan disritmia
tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Gambar Atrial Fibrilasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis fibrilasi atrium dapat digambarkan dalam hal
onset atau durasi tingkat. Deskripsi didasarkan pada tingkat meliputi berikut:<br />
Respon ventrikel yang cepat: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">fibrilasi atrium dengan tingkat ventrikel lebih besar
dari 120 bpm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Respon ventrikel Controlled: fibrilasi atrium dengan
tingkat ventrikel antara 60 bpm dan 110 bpm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Respon ventrikel lambat: fibrilasi atrium dengan
tingkat ventrikel kurang dari 60 bpm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atrial
fibrilasi dengan RVR (respon ventrikel yang cepat) merupakan aktivitas listrik yang
tidak teratur di atrium jantung yang mengarah ke kontraksi yang abnormal di
sana dan di ventrikel. Hal ini ditandai dengan detak jantung yang terlalu cepat,
tetapi mungkin atau mungkin tidak menimbulkan gejala pada beberapa pasien. Ada penyebab
yang berbeda fibrilasi atrium, yang bukan penyakit dalam dirinya sendiri tapi kerusakan
pacemaking sel atrium '. Komplikasi meliputi bertahap parut pada otot atrium, dan
menjadi lebih mungkin jika masalahnya menjadi kronis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Varietas
yang paling umum dari aritmia jantung, fibrilasi atrium dengan RVR terjadi
ketika aktivitas listrik atrium yang tidak menentu, menyebabkan kontraksi ventrikel
lebih sering dan meningkatkan denyut jantung. Detak jantung normal disebut ritme
sinus dan diukur dengan elektrokardiogram (EKG). EKG membagi mengalahkan
tunggal jantung menjadi enam gelombang, masing-masing memiliki tatanan yang
jelas dan durasi. Eksitasi yang berlebihan dari sel-sel atrium menyebabkan gelombang
listrik menjadi spasial yang berbeda dan berubah bentuk normal mereka, mengakibatkan
layar EKG yang unik untuk kondisi ini dan digunakan untuk mendiagnosa itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respon
ventrikel yang cepat atas beberapa kasus fibrilasi atrium terjadi ketika sel-sel
otot jantung di atrium mengatasi sinyal alat pacu jantung intrinsik mereka, menembak
cepat dari pola normal mereka, suatu kegiatan yang kemudian menyebar ke
ventrikel. Sinyal listrik atrium harus melewati simpul atrioventrikular jantung
(AV) agar kontraksi detak jantung untuk melanjutkan ke otot ventrikel. AV node tidak
bisa menyampaikan semua aktivitas listrik atrium cepat, sehingga tingkat kontraksi
ventrikel tetap lebih rendah dari tingkat atrium, tapi masih normal cepat. Setiap
tingkat ventrikel lebih besar dari 100 denyut per menit (bpm) bisa disebut respon
ventrikel yang cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Denyut
jantung yang cepat atau tachycardia dapat strain jantung, dan pasien mungkin
mengalami sesak nafas atau nyeri dada. Kadang-kadang, jantung bergetar atau beterbangan
dilaporkan. Banyak contoh tidak menunjukkan gejala, meskipun, dan hanya diidentifikasi
ketika pasien menerima EKG. Masalah ini bukanlah kondisi itu sendiri, tetapi konsekuensi
dari gangguan kesehatan lainnya. Penyakit paru-paru, gagal jantung kongestif, atau
riwayat penyakit jantung meningkatkan risiko pasien mengalami komplikasi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atrial
fibrilasi dengan RVR lebih mungkin menyebabkan masalah kesehatan jika itu
menjadi kondisi kronis daripada jika itu terjadi hanya sekali. Sebagai dinding atrium
menjadi melebar dari waktu ke waktu, sensor dari sistem umpan balik fisiologis
yang memonitor tekanan darah tidak terpengaruh, dan hipertensi dapat
menyebabkan. Fibrosis dari atrium, pembentukan jaringan fibrosa yang berlebihan,
terjadi selama fibrilasi atrium berkepanjangan karena pembentukan bekas luka. Selanjutnya,
respon ventrikel yang cepat dapat mengakibatkan fibrilasi ventrikel, suatu kondisi
yang mengancam jiwa jika RVR menyebabkan tingkat kontraksi melebihi 300 bpm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Macam macam atrial fibrilasi menurut respons QRS</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atrial fibrilasi with rapi
ventrikular respons (AFRVR)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosis: <b>Atrial Fibrillation
Rapid Ventricular Response pada CHF Fc III</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran EKG diatas merupakan
gambaran khas untuk “Atrial Fibrilasi” (AF), (terdapat <b>irreguleritas yang
absolut</b>- interval yang tidak sama antara gelombang R & <b>tidak
terdapat Gelombang P</b> yg normalnya mendahului setiap Komplek QRS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kejadian AF disebabkan oleh berbagai
keadaan, salah satunya adalah pada pasien-pasien dengan <i>Congestive Heart
Failure</i> (CHF), dimana terjadi pembesaran ruang-ruang jantung, termasuk
atrium tempat permulaan terjadi konduksi aliran listrik jantung (SA node).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AF menjadi suatu keadaan yang
emergensi dibidang kardiovaskular ketika terjadi peningkatan respon yang
berlebihan oleh ventrikel (Nadi>100x/’), keadaan ini kita sebut sebagai “<i>Rapid
Ventricular Response</i>“</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasien dengan AF RVR mesti dirawat
diruang Intensif dengan monitoring ketat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Takikardia Atrium Paroksimal (PAT)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Takikardia Atrium Paroksimal adalah
takikardia atrium yang ditandai dengan awitan mendadak dan penghentian
mendadak. Dapat dicetuskan oleh emosi, tembakau, kafein, kelelahan, pengobatan
simpatomimetik atau alcohol. Takikardia atrium paroksimal biasanya tidak
berhubungan dengan penyakit jantung organic. Frekwensi yang sangat tinggi dapat
menyebabkan angina akibat penurunan pengisian arteri koroner. Curah jantung
akan menurun dan dapat terjadi gagal jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Karakteristik :<br />
• Frekwensi : 150 sampai
250 denyut per menit.<br />
• Gelombang P : Ektopik dan mengalami distorsi
dibanding gelombang P normal; dapat ditemukan pada awal gelombang T; interval
PR memendek (Kurang dari 0, 12 detik).<br />
• Kompleks QR : Biasanya normal, tetapi dapat mengalami
distorsi apabila terjadi penyimpangan hantaran.<br />
•
Hantaran
: Biasanya normal.<br />
• Irama
: Reguler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasien biasanya tidak merasakan
adanya PAT. Penanganan diarahkan untuk menghilangkan penyebab dan menurunkan
frekwensi jantung. Morfin dapat memperlambat frekwensi tanpa penatalaksanaan
lebih lanjut. Tekanan sinus karotis yang dilakukan pada satu sisi, akan
memperlambat atau menghentikan serangan dan biasanya lebih efektif setelah
pemberian digitalis atau vasopresor, yang dapat menekan frekwensi jantung.
Penggunaan vasopresor mempunyai efek refleks pada sinus karotis dengan
meningkatkan <a href="http://blog.ilmukeperawatan.com/tag/tekanan-darah" title="tekanan darah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tekanan darah</span></a> dan sehingga memperlambat
frekwensi jantung. Sediaan digitalis aktivitas singkat dapat digunakan.
Propranolol dapat dicoba bila digitalis tidak berhasil. Quinidin mungkin
efektif, atau penyekat kalsium verapamil dapat digunakan. Kardioversion mungkin
diperlukan bila pasien tak dapat mentoleransi meningkatnya frekwensi jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar PAT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontraksi premature atrium (PAC)
atau AES</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gel P yang berasal dari SA node, gel
P yang berasal dari otot atrium tidak sama dengan gel P yang berasal dari SA
node. PAC (premature atrial contraction)or AES ( atrial ekstra sistole) yaitu
gel P yang muncul sebelum waktunya dan bentuk gelombangpun beda dengan normal
gel P yang berasal dari SA node</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontraksi <a href="http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/atrium/" title="baca juga Atrium"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atrium</span></a>
<a href="http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/prematur/" title="baca juga Prematur"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prematur</span></a>
(<i>premature atrial contraction</i>/PAC) adalah kontraksi atrium yang
diprakarsai oleh fokus ektopik dan terjadi lebih awal dari denyut <a href="http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/sinus/" title="baca juga Sinus"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sinus</span></a>
normal berikutnya yang diharapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab :<br />
• Iritabilitas otot atrium karena kafein, alcohol, nikotin.<br />
• Miokardium teregang seperti pada gagal jantung kongestif<br />
• Stress atau kecemasan<br />
• Hipokalemia<br />
• Cedera<br />
• Infark<br />
• Keadaaan hipermetabolik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik :<br />
• Frekwensi : 60 sampai
100 denyut per menit.<br />
• Gelombang P : Biasanya mempunyai konfigurasi yang
berbeda dengan gelombang P yang berasal dari nodus SA.<br />
• Kompleks QRS : Bisa normal, menyimpang atai tidak ada.<br />
• Hantaran :
Biasanya normal.<br />
• Irama
: Reguler, kecuali bila terjadi PAC. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang P akan terjadi lebih awal <a href="http://blog.ilmukeperawatan.com/category/askepasuhan-keperawatanaskep-penyakit-dalamsistem-pernafasansisetm-endokrinsistem-cardiovaskulerjantungparuicugerontik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dalam</span></a> siklus
dan baisanya tidak akan mempunyai jeda kompensasi yang lengkap.<br />
Kontraksi atrium premature sering terlihat pada jantung normal. Pasien biasanya
mengatakan berdebar-debar. Berkurangnya denyut nadi (perbedaan antara frekwensi
denyut nadi dan denyut apeksi) bisa terjadi. Bila PAC jarang terjadi, tidak
diperlukan penatalaksanaan. Bila terjadi PAC sering (lebih dari 6 per menit)
atau terjadi selama repolarisasi atrium, dapat mengakibatkan disritmia serius
seperti fibrilasi atrium. Sekali lagi, pengobatan ditujukan untuk mengatasi
penyebabnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wandering atrial pace maker</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wandering atrial pace maker adalah
sebuah perubahan irama yang ditandai oleh munculnya gelombang P uang bervariasi
(minimal 3 bentuk pada sadapan yang sama ). Gelombang P bisa berubah rubah
karena berpindahnya cetus yang mencetuskan aksi potensial. Kadang di simpul SA kadang
di simpul lain di supraventrikel. Yang paling sering adalah krista terminalis
dan av junction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan berubahnya sumber impuls,
berubah-rubah pula pola depolarisasi atrium dan aksis depolarisasinya. Hal ini
menyebabkan perubahan bentuk gel P di EKG. Bisa menjadi terbalik, lebih datar,
bitakik, atau bifasik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian besar irama ini tidak
mengalami implikasi apa-apa. Karena sering muncul pada tonus vagal yang tinggi,
morfologi gelombang P akan kembali normal. Walaupun jarang . WAP juga dapat
timbul pada intoksikasi digitalis, sindroma sinus sakit(SSS), kelainan
struktural jantung dan PPOK. Biasanya asistomatik serta tidak memerlukan
tindakan khusus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar WAP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Multi atrial
tachycardia </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan suatu irama tidak teratur yang terjadi dengan
frekuensi 100-200 denyut per menit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Multi atrial tachycardia dapat dibedakan dengan atrial
fibrilasi oleh gelombang P yang mudah dikenali sebelum setiap kompleks QRS.
Gelombang P, yang berasal dari banyak tempat dalam atrium, bentuknya akan
bervariasi, dan interval antara gelombang-gelombang P dan kompleks QRS yang
berbeda akan bervariasi juga. Untuk menegakkan diagnosis Multi atrial
tachycardia, Anda perlu mengidentifikasi setidaknya tiga morfologi gelombang P
yang berbeda. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tampak paling sering pada pasien lansia dengan
penyakit akut atau kronik seperti eksaserbasi COPD </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika atrial
rate is <100 b="" menit=""><i>call it multifocal
atrial rhyth</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUPAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahwa dalam makalah tentang gangguan
pembentukan impuls yang berasal dari sinus terbagi menjadi beberapa gangguan di
antaranya </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aritmia sinus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinus Bradikardi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinus Takikardi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinus Arrest</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan Pembentukan impuls di sinus bisa terjadi karena
stimulasi vagal, intoksikasi digitalis, peningkatan tekanan intrakanial, atau
infark miokard (MI).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan pembentukan impuls di atrial melibuti beberapa
gangguan diantaranya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atrial Ekstra Sistole ( AES) (PAC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paroksismal Atrial Takikardi ( PAT )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atrial Flutter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atrial Fibrilasi ( AF )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atrial Wandring Pacemaker</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Multi atrial takikardi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 53.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan ini terjadi karena impuls
mengalami gangguan yang di cetuskan oleh atrium dan sekitarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pengerjaan makalah ini penulis
banyak mengalami kekeurangan karena minimnya buku referensi yang kami punya
sehingga kami meminta maaf kepada Dosen Mata Kuliah Pengantar Teknik EKG untuk
memakluminya. Karena keadaan kami sekarang yang kurang memahami materi tentang
gangguan pembentukan impuls di sinus dan di atrial.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-91747432959018347722016-08-09T15:55:00.002-07:002016-08-09T15:55:36.205-07:00Makalah Keperawatan Jiwa dan Remaja<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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hidayahnya, sehingga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat menyelesaikan makalah tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asuhan
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membantu dalam menyelesaikan makalah ini, khususnya dosen pembimbing kami yang
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karena itu, kritik dan saran dari pembaca sangat kami perlukan dalam perbaikan
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR ISI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata
Pengantar<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>………………………………..1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>……………………………….
2<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab I<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>………………………………..</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>…………………………..…….3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar
Belakang Masalah……………………………….3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>……………………….………..3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode
Peulisan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab II<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>…………………………………</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinjauan
Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>…………………………………4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>…………………………………4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik
Gangguan Jiwa…………………………..5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
Keperawatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…………………………………6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab III<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>…………………………………</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penutup<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>…………………………………13</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>…………………………………13</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>…………………………………13</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>…………………………………</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
I</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.
Latar belakang<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asuhan jiwa merupakan asuhan
keperawatan spesialaistik,namun tetap di lakukan secara holistic pada saat
melakukan asuhan kepada klien.Berbagi terapi keperawatan yang di kembangkan di fokuskan
kepada klien secara individu,kelompok,keluarga maupun komunitas. Banyak orang
tua mempunyai pengertian terbatas mengenai proses tumbuh kembang anak, sehingga
sering terjadi benturan-benturan yang menimbulkan masalah-masalah kesehatan
jiwa pada remaja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.
Tujuan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
dari penulisan makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Mengetahui dasar-dasar kesehatan jiwa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Mengetahui gangguan kesehatan jiwa pada remaja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Mengetahui proses keperawatan jiwa pada remaja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.
Metode Penulisan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistematika penulisan makalah ini terdiri dari
3 bab utama. Bab I berisi tentang latar belakang dari penulisan makalah ini,
tujuan di adakannya penulisan, dan metode penulisan makalah ini. Bab II
merupakan bagian yang berisi penjelasan tentang tinjauan pustaka, yang membahas
materi/pokok bahasan makalah ini,yakni,asuhan keperawatan jiwa pada remaja.Bab
III merupakan bagian terakhir yang berisi kesimpulan dan saran</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">BAB II</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Pengertian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Kesehatan jiwa<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesehatan jiwa adalah suatu
bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari kesehatan atau bagian integral dan merupakan
unsur utama dalam menunjang terwujudnya kualitas hidup manusia yang utuh.
Menurut Keliat (2007:1) kesehatan jiwa adalah suatu kondisi mental sejahtra
yang memungkinkan hidup harmonis dan pruduktif sebagai bagian yang utuh dari
kualitas hidup seseorang, dengan memperhatikan suatu segi kehidupan manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Gangguan Jiwa<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Keliat (2007:1)
gangguan jiwa adalah sindrom atau pola prilaku yang secara klinis bermakna yang
berkaitan langsung dengan distress(penderitaan) dan menimbulkan hendaya
(disabilitas) pada satu atau lebih fungsi kehidupan kehidupan manusia Ganggua
jiwa biasanya mulai timbul pada masa remaja seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Gangguan tingkah laku</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Copel (2007:1) seorang remaja yang memiliki gangguan tingkah laku menunjukkan
pola perilaku yang secara konsisten melanggar hak-hak orang lain dan
mengabaikan standar social yang umum. Remaja biasanya menipu, mencuri,
aktivitas social, dan kekerasan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.Gangguan
sikap menentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Copel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2007:1) gangguan sikap menentang
adalah adalah prilaku negative, tidak patuh, dan bermusuhan.Walaupun mereka
tidak melanggar hak orang lain, mereka bertindak dalam cara yang sangat
menyusahkan orang tua, guru, figure otoritas lainnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-faktor predisposisi
terjadinya gangguan jiwa pada remaja.<br />
Adanya gangguan kesehatan jiwa sebenarnya disebabkan oleh banyak hal. Ada tiga
golongan penyebab gangguan jiwa, pertama, gangguan fisik, biologis atau
organik. Penyebabnya antara lain berasal dari faktor keturunan, kelainan pada
otak penyakit infeksi (Tifus, hepatitis, malaria dan lain-lain), kedua,
gangguan mental, emosional atau kejiwaan. Penyebabnya, karena salah dalam pola
pengasuhan (Pattern of parenting) hubungan yang patologis diantara keluarga
disebabkan frustasi, konflik dan tekanan krisis. Ketiga, gangguan sosial dan
lingkungan, penyebabnya dapat berupa stressor psikososial, dan perkembangnan
diri.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Karakteristik Gangguan Jiwa<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gejalanya adalah Keabnormalan
terlihat dalam berbagai macam gejala yang terpenting diantaranya adalah :
ketegangan (tension), rasa putus asa dan murung, gelisah, cemas,
perbuatan-perbuatan yang terpaksa (convulsive), hysteria, rasa lemah dan tidak
mampu mencapai tujuan, takut, pikiran-pikiran buruk dan sebagainya.<br />
Tanda gangguan jiwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Gangguan kognisi<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suatu proses mental yang
dengannya seorang individu menyadari dan mempertahankan hubungan dengan
lingkungan yang baik, lingkungan yang dalam maupun luarnya (Fungsi mengenal).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
Gangguan perhatian<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemusatan dan konsentrasi energi
menilai dalam suatu proses kognitif yang timbul dari luar akibat dari rangsang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.
Gangguan ingatan<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesanggupan untuk mencatat,
menyimpan memproduksi isi dan data-data kedsadaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.
Gangguan Asosiasi<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses mental dan dengannya
perasaan, kesan atau gambaran ingatan cenderung atau gambaran ingatan
respon/konsep lain, yang sebelumnya berkaitan dengannya.<br />
e. Gangguan Pertimbangan<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suatu proses mental untuk
mebandingkan/menilai beberapa pilihan dalam suatu kerangka kerja dengan
memberikan nilai-nilai untuk memutuskan maksud dan tujuan dari suatu
aktivitas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( Zakaria Darajat, 2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses
Keperawatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sesuai dengan tahapan proses
keperawatan dan dengan berorientasi pada keterampilan kompetensi ego, pertama
kali perawat perlu melakukan pengkajian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. Pengkajian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perawat mengkaji penguasaan
anak terhadap tiap area keterampilan yang dibuthkan anak untuk dapat menjadi
seorang dewasa yang kompeten. Selain mengkaji keterampilan yang telah diuraikan
tersebut, perawat juga perlu mengkaji data demografi, riwayat kesehatan
terdahulu, kegiatan hidup anak sehari-hari, keadaan fisik, status mental,
hubungan interpersonal, serta riwayat personal dan keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Data demografi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meliputi nama, usia, tempat dan
tanggal lahir anak; nama, pendidikan, alamat orang tua; serta data lain yang
dianggap perlu diketahui.riwayat kelahiran, alergi, penyakit dan pengobatan
yang pernah diterima anak, juga perlu dikaji. Selain itu, aktivitas kehidupan
sehari-hari anak meliputi keadaan gizi termasuk berat badan, jadwal makan dan
minat terhadap makanan tertentu, tidur termasuk kebiasaan dan kualitas tidur,
eliminasi meliputi kebiasaan dan masalah yang berkaitan dengan eliminasi,
kecacatan dan keterbatasan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Fisik</span><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perlu diperiksa keadaan kulit,
kepala, rambut, mata, telinga, hidung, mulut, pernafasan, kardiovaskular,
muskuloskeletal, dan neurologis anak. Pemeriksaan fisik lengkap sangat
diperlukan untuk mengetahui kemungkinan pengaruh gangguan fisik terhadap perilaku
anak. Selain itu hasil pemeriksaan fisik berguna sebagai dasar dalam menentukan
pengobatan yang diperlukan. Bahkan untuk mengetahui kemungkinan bekas
penganiayaan yang pernah dialami anak.<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Status mental</span><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemeriksaan status mental
bermanfaat untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai fungsi ego anak. Perawat
membandingkan perilaku dengan tingkat fungsi ego anak dari waktu ke waktu. Oleh
karena itu, status mental anak perlu dkaji setiap waktu dengan suasana yang
santai dan nyaman bagi anak.<br />
Pemeriksaan atatus mental meliputi keadaan emosi, proses berpikir, dan isi
pikiran; halusinasi dan persepsi; cara bicara dan orientasi; keinginan untuk
bunuh diri atau membunuh.<br />
Pengkajian terhadap hubungan interpesonal anak dilihat dalam hubungannya dengan
anak sebayanya, yang penting untuk mengetahui kesesuaian perilaku dengan usia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Riwayat personal dan keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meliputi faktor pencetus masalah, riwayat
gejala, tumbuh kembang anak, biasanya dikumpulkan oleh tim kesehatan. Data ini
sangat diperlukan untuk mengerti perilaku anak dan membantu menyusun tujuan
asuhan keperawatan. Pengumpulan data keluarga merupakan bagian penting dari
pengkajian melalui pengalihan fokus anak sebagai indivdu ke sistem keluarga.
Tiap anggota keluarga diberi kesempatan untuk mengidentifikasi siapa yang
bermasalah dan apa yang telah dilakukan oleh keluarga untuk menyelesaikan
masalah tersebut. Untuk menegakkan diagnosa keperawatan, data yang telah
dikumpulkan kemudian dianalisa sebagai dasar perencanaan asuhan keperawatan
selanjutnya.dalam keperawatan psikiatri dapat digunakan PND (Psychiatric
Nursing Diagnosis), NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) dan
DSM-III R (Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. Perencanaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan asuhan keperawatan disusun
sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak, seperti modifikasi penyesuaian anak sekolah, dan
perubahan lingkungan anak. Untuk anak yang dirawat di unit perawatan jiwa,
tujuan umumnya adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
1. Memenuhi kebutuhan emosi anak dan kebutuhan untuk dihargai<br />
2. Mengurangi ketegangan pada anak dan kebutuhan untuk berperilaku defensive<br />
3. Membantu anak menjalin hubungan positif dengan orang lain<br />
4. Membantu mengembangkan identitas diri anak<br />
5. Memberikan anak kesempatan untuk menjalani kembali tahapan perkembangan
terdahulu yang belum terselelsaikan secara tuntas<br />
6. Membantu anak berkomunikasi secara efektif<br />
7. Mencegah anak untuk menyakiti baik dirinya maupun diri orang lain<br />
8. Membantu anak memelihara kesehatan fisiknya<br />
9. Meningkatkan uji coba realitas yang tepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. Implementasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berbagai bentuk terapi pada
anak dan kelurga dapat diterapkan, yang terdiri dari :<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Terapi bermain</span><br />
Pada umumnya merupakan media yang tepat bagi anak untuk mengekspresikan konflik
yang belum terselesaikan, selain juga berfungsi untuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Menguasai dan mengasimilasi kembali pengalaman lalu yang tidak dapat
dikendalikan sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
Berkomunikasi dengan kebutuhan yang tidak disadari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.
Berkomunikasi dengan orang lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.
Menggali dan mencoba belajar bagaimana berhubungan dengandiri sendiri, dunia
luar, dan orang lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.
Mencocokkkan tuntutan dan dorongan dari dalam diri dengan realitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Terapi keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua
anggota keluarga perlu diikutsertakan dalam terapi keluarga. Orangtua perlu
belajar secara bertahap tentang peran mereka dalam permasalahan yang dihadapi
dan bertanggung jawab terhadap perubahan yang terjadi pada anak dan keluarga.
Biasanya cukup sulit bagi keluarga untuk menyadari bahwa keadaan dalam keluarga
turut meninbulkan gangguan pada anak. Oleh karena itu perawat perlu berhati-hati
dalam meningkatkan kesadaran keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Terapi kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terapi kelompok dapat berupa suatu
kelompok yang melakukan kegiatan atau berbicara. Terapi kelompok ini sangat
bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan uji realitas, mengendalikan impuls (dorongan
internal), meningkatkan harga diri, memfasilitasi pertumbuhan, kematangan dan
keterampilan sosial anak. Kelompok dengan lingkungan yang terapeutik
memungkinkan anggotanya untuk menjalin hubungan dan pengalaman sosial yang positif
dalam suatu lingkungan yang terkendali. Wilson dan Kneisl (1992) menyampaikan
beberapa terapi kelompok seperti, analytic group phsycho therapy, phsycho
drama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Psikofarmakologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Walaupun terapi obat bekum
sepenuhnya diterima dalm psikiatri anak, tetap bermanfaat untuk mengurangi
gejala (hiperaktif, depresi, impulsif, dan ansietas) dan membantu agar
pengobatan lain lebih efektif. Pemberian obat ini tetap diawasi oleh dokter dan
menggunakan pedoman yang tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Terapi individu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ada berbagai terapi individu, terapi
bermain psikoanalitis, psikoanalitis berdasarkan psikoterapi, dan terapi
bermain pengalaman. Hubungan antara anak dengan therapist memberikan kesempatan
apda anak untuk medapatkan pengalaman mengenai hubungan positif dengan orang
dewasa dengan penuh kasih sayang dan uji realitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Pendidikan pada orang tua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendidikan terhadap orang tua
merupkan hal yang penting untuk mencegah gangguan kesehatan jiwa anak, begitu
pula untuk meningkatkan kembali penyembuhan setelah dirawat. Orang tua diajarkan
tentang tahap tumbuh kembang anak, sehingga orang tua dapat mengetahui perilaku
yang sesuai dengan usia anak. Keterampilan berkomunikasi juga meningkatkan
pengertian dan empati antara orangtua dan anak. Teknik yang tepat dalam
mengasuh anak juga diperlukan untuk mengembangkan disiplin diri anak. Hal-hal
lain seperti psikodinamika keluarga, konsep kesehatan jiwa, dan penggunaan
pengobatan, juga diajarkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Terapi lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konsep terapi lingkungan dilandaskan
pada kejadian dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang dialami anak. Lingkungan yang
aman dan kegiatan yang teratur dan terprogram, memungkinkan anak untuk mencapai
tugas terapeutik dari rencana penyembuhan dengan berfokus pada modifikasi
perilaku. Program yang berfokus pada perilaku, memungkinkan staf keperawatan
untuk memberikan umpan balik terus menerus kepada anak-anak tentang perilaku
mereka sesuai jadwal kegiatan. Untuk perilaku yang baik, mereka menerima
pujian, stiker atau nilai, tergantung pada tingkat perkembangannya. Sebaliknya,
perilaku negatif tidak ditoleransi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D. Evaluasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada umumnya fasilitas penyembuhan
bagi anak dengan gangguan jiwa mempunyai program yang dirancang untuk jangka
waktu tertentu. Waktu perawatan jangka pendek biasanya berkisar antara 2 sampai
4 minggu, dan direncanakan untuk diagnosa dan evaluasi, intervensi krisis,
serta perencanaan yang komprehensif. Pada umunya pengamatan perawat berfokus
pada perubahan perilaku anak. Apakah anak menunjukkan kesadaran dan pengertian
tentang dirinya sendiri melalui refleksi diri dan meningkatnya kemampuan untuk
membuat keputusan secara rasional? Anak harus mulai beradaptasi dengan
lingkungannya dan tidak impulsif. Aspek yang perlu dievaluasi antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Keefektifan intervensi penanggulangan perilaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Kemampuan untukberhubungan dengan teman sebaya, orang dewasa dan orang tua
secara wajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Kemampuan untuk melakukan asuhan mandiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Kemampuan untuk menggunakan kegiatan program sebagai rekreasi dan proses
belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Respons terhadap peraturan dan rutinitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
Status mental secara menyeluruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
Koordinasi dan rencana pemulangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://fcomp2010.blogspot.com/2010/12/makalah-sejarah-keperawatan.html"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">BAB III</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc270949257"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc270949397"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949257;"></span><a href="http://fcomp2010.blogspot.com/2010/12/makalah-sejarah-keperawatan.html"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949257;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PENUTUP</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949257;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949257;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc270949258"></a><a href="http://fcomp2010.blogspot.com/2010/12/makalah-sejarah-keperawatan.html"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949258;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A. Kesimpulan</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949258;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berbagai gangguan jiwa pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>remaja seringkali tidak dapat kita cegah,
bahkan terkadang sulit diatasi. Namun dengan kesabaran dan penatalaksanaan yang
tepat– dengan mengikutsertakan para ahli, anggota keluarga dan tentu saja
dengan pertolongan Allah Swt– cobaan itu niscaya akan terasa lebih ringan.
Selain itu anakpun dapat dikembangkan secara optimal meski dalam
keterbatasannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc270949259"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc270949399"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949259;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949259;"></span><a href="http://fcomp2010.blogspot.com/2010/12/makalah-sejarah-keperawatan.html"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949259;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">B. Saran</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270949259;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;">Dari kesimpulan yang ada maka kita sebagai
perawat atau calon perawat harus terus meningkatkan kompetensi dirinya, salah
satunya melalui pendidikan keperawatan yang berkelanjutan, sehingga kita tidak
mengalami kesalahan dalam melakukan asuhan keperawatan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://fcomp2010.blogspot.com/2010/12/makalah-sejarah-keperawatan.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Copel,Linda
Carman.2007.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kesehatan Jiwa dan Psikiatri.</i>Jakart<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a</i>:Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keliat,Budi
Anna.2004.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keperawatan Jiwa.Jakarta</i>:Penerbit
Buku Kedokteran EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keliat,Budi
Anna.dkk.2007.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keperawatan Kesehatan Jiwa
Komunitas</i>.Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-66223520715396368762016-08-09T15:50:00.000-07:002016-08-09T15:50:08.317-07:00Makalah Konsep Nyeri<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Makalah Konsep Nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
KONSEP NYERI :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pengertian nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Nyeri didefinisikan sebagai suatu
keadaan yang mempengaruhi seseorang dan ekstensinya diketahui bila seseorang
pernah mengalaminya (Tamsuri, 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Menurut International Association
for Study of Pain (IASP), nyeri adalah sensori subyektif dan emosional yang
tidak menyenangkan yang didapat terkait dengan kerusakan jaringan aktual maupun
potensial, atau menggambarkan kondisi terjadinya kerusakan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Fisiologi nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Reseptor nyeri adalah organ tubuh
yang berfungsi untuk menerima rangsang nyeri. Organ tubuh yang berperan sebagai
reseptor nyeri adalah ujung syaraf bebas dalam kulit yang berespon hanya
terhadap stimulus kuat yang secara potensial merusak. Reseptor nyeri disebut
juga nosireceptor, secara anatomis reseptor nyeri (nosireceptor) ada yang
bermielien dan ada juga yang tidak bermielin dari syaraf perifer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Berdasarkan letaknya,
nosireseptor dapat dikelompokkan dalam beberapa bagaian tubuh yaitu pada kulit
(Kutaneus), somatik dalam (deep somatic), dan pada daerah viseral, karena
letaknya yang berbeda-beda inilah, nyeri yang timbul juga memiliki sensasi yang
berbeda.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Nosireceptor kutaneus berasal
dari kulit dan sub kutan, nyeri yang berasal dari daerah ini biasanya mudah
untuk dialokasi dan didefinisikan. Reseptor jaringan kulit (kutaneus) terbagi
dalam dua komponen yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
a. Reseptor A delta</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Merupakan serabut komponen cepat
(kecepatan tranmisi 6-30 m/det) yang memungkinkan timbulnya nyeri tajam yang
akan cepat hilang apabila penyebab nyeri dihilangkan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
b. Serabut C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Merupakan serabut komponen lambat
(kecepatan tranmisi 0,5 m/det) yang terdapat pada daerah yang lebih dalam,
nyeri biasanya bersifat tumpul dan sulit dilokalisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Struktur reseptor nyeri somatik
dalam meliputi reseptor nyeri yang terdapat pada tulang, pembuluh darah,
syaraf, otot, dan jaringan penyangga lainnya. Karena struktur reseptornya
komplek, nyeri yang timbul merupakan nyeri yang tumpul dan sulit dilokalisasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Reseptor nyeri jenis ketiga
adalah reseptor viseral, reseptor ini meliputi organ-organ viseral seperti
jantung, hati, usus, ginjal dan sebagainya. Nyeri yang timbul pada reseptor ini
biasanya tidak sensitif terhadap pemotongan organ, tetapi sangat sensitif
terhadap penekanan, iskemia dan inflamasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Teori Pengontrolan nyeri (Gate
control theory)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Terdapat berbagai teori yang
berusaha menggambarkan bagaimana nosireseptor dapat menghasilkan rangsang
nyeri. Sampai saat ini dikenal berbagai teori yang mencoba menjelaskan
bagaimana nyeri dapat timbul, namun teori gerbang kendali nyeri dianggap paling
relevan (Tamsuri, 2007)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Teori gate control dari Melzack
dan Wall (1965) mengusulkan bahwa impuls nyeri dapat diatur atau dihambat oleh
mekanisme pertahanan di sepanjang sistem saraf pusat. Teori ini mengatakan
bahwa impuls nyeri dihantarkan saat sebuah pertahanan dibuka dan impuls
dihambat saat sebuah pertahanan tertutup. Upaya menutup pertahanan tersebut
merupakan dasar teori menghilangkan nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Suatu keseimbangan aktivitas dari
neuron sensori dan serabut kontrol desenden dari otak mengatur proses
pertahanan. Neuron delta-A dan C melepaskan substansi C melepaskan substansi P
untuk mentranmisi impuls melalui mekanisme pertahanan. Selain itu, terdapat
mekanoreseptor, neuron beta-A yang lebih tebal, yang lebih cepat yang
melepaskan neurotransmiter penghambat. Apabila masukan yang dominan berasal
dari serabut beta-A, maka akan menutup mekanisme pertahanan. Diyakini mekanisme
penutupan ini dapat terlihat saat seorang perawat menggosok punggung klien
dengan lembut. Pesan yang dihasilkan akan menstimulasi mekanoreseptor, apabila
masukan yang dominan berasal dari serabut delta A dan serabut C, maka akan
membuka pertahanan tersebut dan klien mempersepsikan sensasi nyeri. Bahkan jika
impuls nyeri dihantarkan ke otak, terdapat pusat kortek yang lebih tinggi di
otak yang memodifikasi nyeri. Alur saraf desenden melepaskan opiat endogen,
seperti endorfin dan dinorfin, suatu pembunuh nyeri alami yang berasal dari
tubuh. Neuromedulator ini menutup mekanisme pertahanan dengan menghambat
pelepasan substansi P. tehnik distraksi, konseling dan pemberian plasebo
merupakan upaya untuk melepaskan endorfin (Potter, 2005)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Respon Psikologis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
respon psikologis sangat
berkaitan dengan pemahaman klien terhadap nyeri yang terjadi atau arti nyeri
bagi klien.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Arti nyeri bagi setiap individu
berbeda-beda antara lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) Bahaya atau merusak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) Komplikasi seperti infeksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3) Penyakit yang berulang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4) Penyakit baru</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
5) Penyakit yang fatal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
6) Peningkatan ketidakmampuan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
7) Kehilangan mobilitas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
8) Menjadi tua</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
9) Sembuh</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
10) Perlu untuk penyembuhan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
11) Hukuman untuk berdosa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
12) Tantangan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
13) Penghargaan terhadap
penderitaan orang lain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
14) Sesuatu yang harus
ditoleransi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
15) Bebas dari tanggung jawab
yang tidak dikehendaki</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pemahaman dan pemberian arti
nyeri sangat dipengaruhi tingkat pengetahuan, persepsi, pengalaman masa lalu
dan juga faktor sosial budaya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Respon fisiologis terhadap nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) Stimulasi Simpatik:(nyeri
ringan, moderat, dan superficial)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
a) Dilatasi saluran bronkhial dan
peningkatan respirasi rate</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
b) Peningkatan heart rate</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
c) Vasokonstriksi perifer,
peningkatan BP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
d) Peningkatan nilai gula darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
e) Diaphoresis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
f) Peningkatan kekuatan otot</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
g) Dilatasi pupil</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
h) Penurunan motilitas GI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) Stimulus Parasimpatik (nyeri
berat dan dalam)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
a) Muka pucat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
b) Otot mengeras</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
c) Penurunan HR dan BP</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
d) Nafas cepat dan irreguler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
e) Nausea dan vomitus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
f) Kelelahan dan keletihan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Respon tingkah laku terhadap
nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) Respon perilaku terhadap nyeri
dapat mencakup:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) Pernyataan verbal (Mengaduh,
Menangis, Sesak Nafas, Mendengkur)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3) Ekspresi wajah (Meringis,
Menggeletukkan gigi, Menggigit bibir)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4) Gerakan tubuh (Gelisah,
Imobilisasi, Ketegangan otot, peningkatan gerakan jari & tangan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
5) Kontak dengan orang
lain/interaksi sosial (Menghindari percakapan, Menghindari kontak sosial,
Penurunan rentang perhatian, Fokus pd aktivitas menghilangkan nyeri)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Individu yang mengalami nyeri
dengan awitan mendadak dapat bereaksi sangat berbeda terhadap nyeri yang
berlangsung selama beberapa menit atau menjadi kronis. Nyeri dapat menyebabkan
keletihan dan membuat individu terlalu letih untuk merintih atau menangis.
Pasien dapat tidur, bahkan dengan nyeri hebat. Pasien dapat tampak rileks dan
terlibat dalam aktivitas karena menjadi mahir dalam mengalihkan perhatian
terhadap nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Meinhart & McCaffery
mendiskripsikan 3 fase pengalaman nyeri:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) Fase antisipasi (terjadi
sebelum nyeri diterima)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Fase ini mungkin bukan merupakan
fase yg paling penting, karena fase ini bisa mempengaruhi dua fase lain. Pada
fase ini memungkinkan seseorang belajar tentang nyeri dan upaya untuk
menghilangkan nyeri tersebut. Peran perawat dalam fase ini sangat penting,
terutama dalam memberikan informasi pada klien.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) Fase sensasi (terjadi saat
nyeri terasa)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Fase ini terjadi ketika klien
merasakan nyeri. karena nyeri itu bersifat subyektif, maka tiap orang dalam
menyikapi nyeri juga berbeda-beda. Toleraransi terhadap nyeri juga akan berbeda
antara satu orang dengan orang lain. orang yang mempunyai tingkat toleransi
tinggi terhadap nyeri tidak akan mengeluh nyeri dengan stimulus kecil,
sebaliknya orang yang toleransi terhadap nyerinya rendah akan mudah merasa
nyeri dengan stimulus nyeri kecil. Klien dengan tingkat toleransi tinggi
terhadap nyeri mampu menahan nyeri tanpa bantuan, sebaliknya orang yang
toleransi terhadap nyerinya rendah sudah mencari upaya mencegah nyeri, sebelum
nyeri datang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Keberadaan enkefalin dan endorfin
membantu menjelaskan bagaimana orang yang berbeda merasakan tingkat nyeri dari
stimulus yang sama. Kadar endorfin berbeda tiap individu, individu dengan
endorfin tinggi sedikit merasakan nyeri dan individu dengan sedikit endorfin
merasakan nyeri lebih besar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Klien bisa mengungkapkan nyerinya
dengan berbagai jalan, mulai dari ekspresi wajah, vokalisasi dan gerakan tubuh.
Ekspresi yang ditunjukan klien itulah yang digunakan perawat untuk mengenali
pola perilaku yang menunjukkan nyeri. Perawat harus melakukan pengkajian secara
teliti apabila klien sedikit mengekspresikan nyerinya, karena belum tentu orang
yang tidak mengekspresikan nyeri itu tidak mengalami nyeri. Kasus-kasus seperti
itu tentunya membutuhkan bantuan perawat untuk membantu klien mengkomunikasikan
nyeri secara efektif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3) Fase akibat (terjadi ketika
nyeri berkurang atau berhenti)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Fase ini terjadi saat nyeri sudah
berkurang atau hilang. Pada fase ini klien masih membutuhkan kontrol dari
perawat, karena nyeri bersifat krisis, sehingga dimungkinkan klien mengalami
gejala sisa pasca nyeri. Apabila klien mengalami episode nyeri berulang, maka
respon akibat (aftermath) dapat menjadi masalah kesehatan yang berat. Perawat
berperan dalam membantu memperoleh kontrol diri untuk meminimalkan rasa takut
akan kemungkinan nyeri berulang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Faktor yang mempengaruhi respon
nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) Usia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Anak belum bisa mengungkapkan
nyeri, sehingga perawat harus mengkaji respon nyeri pada anak. Pada orang
dewasa kadang melaporkan nyeri jika sudah patologis dan mengalami kerusakan
fungsi. Pada lansia cenderung memendam nyeri yang dialami, karena mereka
mengangnggap nyeri adalah hal alamiah yang harus dijalani dan mereka takut
kalau mengalami penyakit berat atau meninggal jika nyeri diperiksakan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) Jenis kelamin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Gill (1990) mengungkapkan
laki-laki dan wnita tidak berbeda secara signifikan dalam merespon nyeri,
justru lebih dipengaruhi faktor budaya (ex: tidak pantas kalo laki-laki
mengeluh nyeri, wanita boleh mengeluh nyeri).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3) Kultur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Orang belajar dari budayanya,
bagaimana seharusnya mereka berespon terhadap nyeri misalnya seperti suatu
daerah menganut kepercayaan bahwa nyeri adalah akibat yang harus diterima
karena mereka melakukan kesalahan, jadi mereka tidak mengeluh jika ada nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4) Makna nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Berhubungan dengan bagaimana
pengalaman seseorang terhadap nyeri dan dan bagaimana mengatasinya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
5) Perhatian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Tingkat seorang klien memfokuskan
perhatiannya pada nyeri dapat mempengaruhi persepsi nyeri. Menurut Gill (1990),
perhatian yang meningkat dihubungkan dengan nyeri yang meningkat, sedangkan
upaya distraksi dihubungkan dengan respon nyeri yang menurun. Tehnik relaksasi,
guided imagery merupakan tehnik untuk mengatasi nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
6) Ansietas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Cemas meningkatkan persepsi
terhadap nyeri dan nyeri bisa menyebabkan seseorang cemas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
7) Pengalaman masa lalu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Seseorang yang pernah berhasil
mengatasi nyeri dimasa lampau, dan saat ini nyeri yang sama timbul, maka ia
akan lebih mudah mengatasi nyerinya. Mudah tidaknya seseorang mengatasi nyeri
tergantung pengalaman di masa lalu dalam mengatasi nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
8) Pola koping</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pola koping adaptif akan
mempermudah seseorang mengatasi nyeri dan sebaliknya pola koping yang
maladaptive akan menyulitkan seseorang mengatasi nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
9) Support keluarga dan sosial</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Individu yang mengalami nyeri
seringkali bergantung kepada anggota keluarga atau teman dekat untuk memperoleh
dukungan dan perlindungan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Intensitas Nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Intensitas nyeri adalah gambaran
tentang seberapa parah nyeri dirasakan oleh individu, pengukuran intensitas
nyeri sangat subjektif dan individual dan kemungkinan nyeri dalam intensitas
yang sama dirasakan sangat berbeda oleh dua orang yang berbeda oleh dua orang
yang berbeda. Pengukuran nyeri dengan pendekatan objektif yang paling mungkin
adalah menggunakan respon fisiologik tubuh terhadap nyeri itu sendiri. Namun,
pengukuran dengan tehnik ini juga tidak dapat memberikan gambaran pasti tentang
nyeri itu sendiri (Tamsuri, 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Menurut smeltzer, S.C bare B.G
(2002) adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1) skala intensitas nyeri
deskritif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2) Skala identitas nyeri numerik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3) Skala analog visual</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4) Skala nyeri menurut bourbanis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Keterangan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
0 :Tidak nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1-3 : Nyeri ringan : secara
obyektif klien dapat berkomunikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
dengan baik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4-6 : Nyeri sedang : Secara
obyektif klien mendesis,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
menyeringai, dapat menunjukkan
lokasi nyeri, dapat mendeskripsikannya, dapat mengikuti perintah dengan baik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
7-9 : Nyeri berat : secara
obyektif klien terkadang tidak dapat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
mengikuti perintah tapi masih
respon terhadap tindakan, dapat menunjukkan lokasi nyeri, tidak dapat
mendeskripsikannya, tidak dapat diatasi dengan alih posisi nafas panjang dan
distraksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
10 : Nyeri sangat berat : Pasien
sudah tidak mampu lagi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
berkomunikasi, memukul.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Karakteristik paling subyektif
pada nyeri adlah tingkat keparahan atau intensitas nyeri tersebut. Klien
seringkali diminta untuk mendeskripsikan nyeri sebagai yang ringan, sedang atau
parah. Namun, makna istilah-istilah ini berbeda bagi perawat dan klien. Dari
waktu ke waktu informasi jenis ini juga sulit untuk dipastikan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Skala deskritif merupakan alat
pengukuran tingkat keparahan nyeri yang lebih obyektif. Skala pendeskripsi
verbal (Verbal Descriptor Scale, VDS) merupakan sebuah garis yang terdiri dari
tiga sampai lima kata pendeskripsi yang tersusun dengan jarak yang sama di
sepanjang garis. Pendeskripsi ini diranking dari “tidak terasa nyeri” sampai
“nyeri yang tidak tertahankan”. Perawat menunjukkan klien skala tersebut dan
meminta klien untuk memilih intensitas nyeri trbaru yang ia rasakan. Perawat
juga menanyakan seberapa jauh nyeri terasa paling menyakitkan dan seberapa jauh
nyeri terasa paling tidak menyakitkan. Alat VDS ini memungkinkan klien memilih
sebuah kategori untuk mendeskripsikan nyeri. Skala penilaian numerik (Numerical
rating scales, NRS) lebih digunakan sebagai pengganti alat pendeskripsi kata.
Dalam hal ini, klien menilai nyeri dengan menggunakan skala 0-10. Skala paling
efektif digunakan saat mengkaji intensitas nyeri sebelum dan setelah intervensi
terapeutik. Apabila digunakan skala untuk menilai nyeri, maka direkomendasikan
patokan 10 cm (AHCPR, 1992).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Skala analog visual (Visual
analog scale, VAS) tidak melebel subdivisi. VAS adalah suatu garis lurus, yang
mewakili intensitas nyeri yang terus menerus dan pendeskripsi verbal pada
setiap ujungnya. Skala ini memberi klien kebebasan penuh untuk mengidentifikasi
keparahan nyeri. VAS dapat merupakan pengukuran keparahan nyeri yang lebih
sensitif karena klien dapat mengidentifikasi setiap titik pada rangkaian dari
pada dipaksa memilih satu kata atau satu angka (Potter, 2005).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Skala nyeri harus dirancang
sehingga skala tersebut mudah digunakan dan tidak mengkomsumsi banyak waktu
saat klien melengkapinya. Apabila klien dapat membaca dan memahami skala, maka
deskripsi nyeri akan lebih akurat. Skala deskritif bermanfaat bukan saja dalam
upaya mengkaji tingkat keparahan nyeri, tapi juga, mengevaluasi perubahan
kondisi klien. Perawat dapat menggunakan setelah terapi atau saat gejala
menjadi lebih memburuk atau menilai apakah nyeri mengalami penurunan atau peningkatan
(Potter, 2005).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penilaian Nyeri Berdasarkan PQRST</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P : Provokatif / Paliatif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Apa kira-kira Penyebab timbulnya
rasa nyeri…? Apakah karena terkena ruda paksa / benturan..? Akibat
penyayatan..? dll.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Q : Qualitas / Quantitas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Seberapa berat keluhan nyeri
terasa..?. Bagaimana rasanya..?. Seberapa sering terjadinya..? Ex : Seperti
tertusuk, tertekan / tertimpa benda berat, diris-iris, dll.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>R : Region / Radiasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Lokasi dimana keluhan nyeri
tersebut dirasakan / ditemukan..? Apakah juga menyebar ke daerah lain / area
penyebarannya..?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>S : Skala Seviritas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Skala kegawatan dapat dilihat
menggunakan GCS ( Baca : Cara Mengukur GCS (Glasgow’s Coma Scale) ) untuk
gangguan kesadaran, skala nyeri / ukuran lain yang berkaitan dengan keluhan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>T : Timing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kapan keluhan nyeri tersebut
mulai ditemukan / dirasakan..? Seberapa sering keluhan nyeri tersebut dirasakan
/ terjadi…? Apakah terjadi secara mendadak atau bertahap..? Acut atau Kronis..?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pustaka</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Priharjo, R (1993). Perawatan
Nyeri, pemenuhan aktivitas istirahat. Jakarta : EGC hal : 87.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Shone, N. (1995). Berhasil
Mengatasi Nyeri. Jakarta : Arcan. Hlm : 76-80</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Ramali. A. (2000). Kamus
Kedokteran : Arti dan Keterangan Istilah. Jakarta : Djambatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Syaifuddin. (1997). Anatomi
fisiologi untuk siswa perawat.edisi-2. Jakarta : EGC. Hlm : 123-136.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Tamsuri, A. (2007). Konsep dan
penatalaksanaan nyeri. Jakarta : EGC. Hlm 1-63</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Potter. (2005). Fundamental
Keperawatan Konsep, Proses dan Praktik. Jakarta: EGC. Hlm 1502-1533.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2977093964499099298.post-1599951538082897372016-08-09T15:43:00.000-07:002016-08-09T15:43:01.991-07:00Makalah Keperawatan sebagai Profesi <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><nav>Makalah Keperawatan sebagai
Profesi </nav></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Profesi
adalah kata serapan dari sebuah kata dalam bahasa Inggris “Profess”, yang
bermakna Janji untuk memenuhi kewajiban melakukan suatu tugas khusus secara
tetap/permanen. Profesi sendiri memiliki arti sebuah pekerjaan yang membutuhkan
pelatihan dan penguasaan terhadap suatu pengetahuan dan keahlian khusus. Suatu
profesi biasanya memiliki asosiasi profesi, kode etik, serta proses setrifikasi
dan lisensi yang khusus untuk bidang profesi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Profesionalisme
adalah mutu, kualitas, dan tindak tanduk yang merupakan ciri suatu profesi atau
ciri orang yang profesional. Sementara kata profesional sendiri berarti:
bersifat profesi, memiliki keahlian dan keterampilan karena pendidikan dan
latihan, beroleh bayaran karena keahliannya itu. Seseorang dapat dikatakan
memiliki profesionalisme manakala memiliki dua hal pokok tersebut, yaitu
keahlian (kompetensi) yang layak sesuai bidang tugasnya dan pendapatan yang
layak sesuai kebutuhan hidupnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keperawatan
sebagai suatu profesi, di Indonesia disepakati pada Seminar Nasional
keperawatan pada tahun 1983 yang diinisiasi oleh kelompok kerja
keperawatan Konsorsium Ilmu Kesehatan Direktorat Pendidikan Tinggi. Berdasarkan
kesepakatan tersebut pada tahun 1985 dibuka Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan pada
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Pada Program ini dasar-dasar
keilmuan keperawatan dibekali kepada mahasiswa sehingga setiap lulusan
diharapkan mempunyai landasan keilmuan yang kokoh dalam memberi
pelayanankeperawatan. Sesuai dengan hakekat profesi khususnya yang terkait
dengan pendidikan dimana untuk dapat memberikan pelayanan/asuhan keperawatan
yang berkualitas dan pengembangan ilmu keperawatan diperlukan pendidikan
keperawatan pada jenjang magister keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KEPERAWATAN
SEBAGAI PROFESI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A. Pengertian
profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa pendapat pandangan terhadap pengertian suatu profesi
menurut <b><i>Schein EH (1962)</i></b> Profesi merupakan sekumpulan pekerjaan
yang membangun suatu norma yang sangat khusus yang berasal dari peranannya di
masyarakat. <b><i>Hughes (1963)</i></b> mengungkapkan bahwa profesi merupakan
mengetahui yang lebih baik tentang sesuatu hal dari orang lain serta mengetahui
lebih baik dari kliennya tentang apa yang terjadi pada kliennya. Dan <b><i>Wilensky
(1964)</i></b> berpendapat bahwa profesi berasal dari perkataan profession yang
berarti suatu pekerjaan yang membutuhkan dukungan body of knowlegde sebagai
dasar bagi perkembangan teori yang sistematis meghadapi banyak tantangan baru
,dan karena itu membutuhkan pendidikan dan pelatihan yang cukup lama, memiliki
kode etik orientasi utamanya adalah melayani (alturism)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Profesi adalah kata serapan dari sebuah kata dalam bahasa Inggris
“Profess”, yang bermakna Janji untuk memenuhi kewajiban melakukan suatu tugas
khusus secara tetap/permanen. Profesi sendiri memiliki arti sebuah pekerjaan
yang membutuhkan pelatihan dan penguasaan terhadap suatu pengetahuan dan
keahlian khusus. Suatu profesi biasanya memiliki asosiasi profesi, kode etik,
serta proses setrifikasi dan lisensi yang khusus untuk bidang profesi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melihat pengertian tersebut, maka terdapat para tokoh yang
memandang bahwa profesi mempunyai beberapa kriteria : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Menurut Abraham
Flexner (1915),Menyatakan bahwa suatu pekerjaan dapat dikatakan suatu profesi
apabila memenuhi syarat : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Aktivitas intelektual</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Berdasarkan ilmu dan belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Untuk tujuan Praktek dan
Pelayanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Dapat diajarkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Terorganisir secara internal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f. Altruistik (untuk
kepentingan masyarakat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Menurut Green
Wood E (1957), Suatu Pekerjaan dikatakan profesi adalah adanya teori yang
sistemik, otoritas, wibawa (martabat) ,kode etik dan budaya profesional. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Menurut Hall
(1968) Memberikan gambaran tentang suatu profesi yaitu suatu pekerjaan yang
harus melalui proses 4 tahapan antara lain : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Memperoleh badan pengetahuan dari
institusi pendidikan tinggi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Menjadi pekerjaan utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Adanya organisasi profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Terdapat kode etik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Menurut Moore
dan Rosenblum 1970, Memandang kriteria sebagai profesi adalah apabila dasar pekerjaan
memiliki teori yang sistematis , otoritas, wibawa dan prestice, kode etik,
budaya profesional dan menjadi sumber utama dari penghasilan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. Menurut Edgar
Schein (1974), Memberikan kriteria pekerjaan sebagai profesi apabila pekerjaan
tersebut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Pekerjaan seumur hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Komitmen seumur hidup sebagai
karier</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Penghasilan utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Motivasi kuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Panggilan hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f. Pengetahuan dan
keterampilan didapat melalui diklat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">g. Pengetahuan dianggap khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h. Keputusan terhadap klien
berdasarkan ilmu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i. Pelayanan berdasarkan
keahlian dan obyektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">j. Mempertimbangkan
otoritas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">k. Ada batasan dalam profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">l. Lebih tahu daripada
klien yang dilayani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">m. Perkumpulan profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n. Standart pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">o. Uji kompetensi untuk masuk profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">p. Tidak advertensi dalam
mencari klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Profesi adalah pekerjaan, namun tidak semua pekerjaan adalah
profesi, keran profesi memiliki karakteristik sendiri yang membedakannya dari
pekerjaan lainnya, berikut adalah karateristik profesi secara umum:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Keterampilan yang berdasarkan pada
pengetahuan teoritis : Professional dapat diasumsikan mempunyai pengetahuan
teoritis yang ekstensif dan memiliki keterampilan yang berdasarkan pada pengetahuan
tersebut dan bisa diterapkan dalam praktik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Asosiasi professional : Profesi
biasanya memiliki badan yang diorganisasi oleh para anggotanya, yang
dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan status para anggotanya. Organisasi tersebut
biasanya memiliki persyaratan khusus untuk menjadi anggotanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Pendidikan yang ekstensif :
Profesi yang prestisius biasanya memerlukan pendidikan yang lama dalam jenjang
pendidikan tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Ujian kompetensi : Sebelum
memasuki organisasi professional, biasanya ada persyaratan untuk lulus dari
suatu tes yang menguji terutama pengetahuan teoritis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. Pelatihan institusional : Selain
ujian, juga biasanya dipersyaratkan untuk mengikuti pelatihan istitusional
dimana calon profesional mendapatkan pengalaman praktis sebelum menjadi anggota
penuh organisasi. Peningkatan keterampilan melalui pengembangan profesional
juga dipersyaratkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. Lisensi : Profesi menetapkan
syarat pendaftaran dan proses sertifikasi sehingga hanya mereka yang memiliki
lisensi bisa dianggap bisa dipercaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7. Otonomi kerja : Profesional
cenderung mengendalikan kerja dan pengetahuan teoretis mereka agar terhindar
adanya intervensi dari luar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8. Kode etik : Organisasi profesi
biasanya memiliki kode etik bagi para anggotanya dan prosedur pendisiplinan
bagi mereka yang melanggar aturan. Menurut UU NO. 8 (POKOK-POKOK KEPEGAWAIAN), <strong><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kode
etik profesi </span></strong>adalah pedoman sikap, tingkah laku dan perbuatan
dalam melaksanakan tugas dan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tujuan Kode etik :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat
profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Untuk menjaga dan memelihara
kesejahteraan para anggota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Untuk meningkatkan
pengabdian para anggota profesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi
profesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f. Meningkatkan layanan
di atas keuntungan pribadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">g. Mempunyai organisasi profesional
yang kuat dan terjalin erat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h. Menentukan baku standarnya
sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">9. Mengatur Diri : Organisasi profesi
harus bisa mengatur organisasinya sendiri tanpa campur tangan pemerintah.
Profesional diatur oleh mereka yang lebih senior, praktisi yang dihormati, atau
mereka yang berkualifikasi paling tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10. Layanan publik dan altruisme : Diperolehnya penghasilan
dari kerja profesinya dapat dipertahankan selama berkaitan dengan kebutuhan
publik, seperti layanan dokter berkontribusi terhadap kesehatan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">11. Status dan imbalan yang tinggi : Profesi yang paling
sukses akan meraih status yang tinggi, prestise, dan imbalan yang layak bagi para
anggotanya. Hal tersebut bisa dianggap sebagai pengakuan terhadap layanan yang
mereka berikan bagi masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B. Prinsip Etika
Profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">·
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tanggung
jawab </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">o
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terhadap
pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu dan terhadap hasilnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">o
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terhadap
dampak dari profesi itu untuk kehidupan orang lain atau masyarakat pada
umumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">·
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keadilan.
Prinsip ini menuntut kita untuk memberikan kepada siapa saja apa yang menjadi
haknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">·
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Otonomi.
Prinsip ini menuntut agar setiap kaum profesional memiliki dan di beri
kebebasan dalam menjalankan profesinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C. Profesionalisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia,
karangan J.S. Badudu (2003), definisi profesionalisme adalah mutu, kualitas,
dan tindak tanduk yang merupakan ciri suatu profesi atau ciri orang yang
profesional. Sementara kata profesional sendiri berarti: bersifat profesi,
memiliki keahlian dan keterampilan karena pendidikan dan latihan, beroleh
bayaran karena keahliannya itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari definisi di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa profesionalisme
memiliki dua criteria pokok, yaitu keahlian dan pendapatan (bayaran). Kedua hal
itu merupakan satu kesatuan yang saling berhubungan. Artinya seseorang dapat
dikatakan memiliki profesionalisme manakala memiliki dua hal pokok tersebut,
yaitu keahlian (kompetensi) yang layak sesuai bidang tugasnya dan pendapatan
yang layak sesuai kebutuhan hidupnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">D. Ciri ciri profesi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari definisi profesi terdahulu , jelas bahwa profesi itu tidak
sama dengan okupasi (occupation) walaupun keduanya sama sama melakukan
pekerjaan tertentu yang dapat menghasilkan nafkah. Profesi mempunyai ciri ciri
tersendiri yang menurut wilensky (1964) adalah sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.
Pekerjaan profesi didukung oleh pohon ilmu (body of knowledge) yang jelas
wilayah garapan keilmuannya (anto loger) yang jelas wilayah garapan keilmuan
(epistomology) , serta pemanfaatan keilmuannya (axlology)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.
Keahlian profesi diperoleh melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan profesi yang
terarah,terencana,terus-menerus dan berjenjang (life long education)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.
Pekerjaan profesi diatur oleh kode etik profesi serta diakui secara legal
melalui perundang-undangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.
Peraturan dan ketentuan yang mengatur hidup dan kehidupan profesi standar
pendidikan dan pelatihan (standar pelayanan dan kode etik) serta pengawasan
terhadap pelaksanaan peraturan-peraturan tersebut dilakukan sendiri oleh warga
profesi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E. Wilayah kerja
profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Pembinaan organisasi profesi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Pembinaan pendidikan dan pelatihan
profesi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Pembinaan pelayanan profesi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Pembinaan ilmu pengetahuan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">F. Keperawatan
sebagai profesi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan salah
satu pekerjaan dimana dalam menentukan tindakannya didasar pada ilmu
pengetahuan serta memiliki keterampilan yang jelas dalam keahliannya.
Klasifikasi keperawatan sebagai profesi adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Scientific Nursing (Landasan
ilmu pengetahuan), Mempunyai cabang ilmu yang terdiri dari :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Ilmu keperawatan dasar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Ilmu keperawatan klinik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Ilmu keperawatan komunitas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Ilmu keperawatan penunjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Code of etik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kode
keperawatan pada tiap negara berbeda-beda akan tetapi pada prinsipnya adalah
sama yaitu berlandaskan etika keperawatan yang dimilikinya. Dalam hal ini terdapat
5 tanggung jawab perawat, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Perawat dan klien</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Perawat dan praktik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Perawat dan masyarakat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Perawat dan teman sejawat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Perawat dan profesi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Lingkup dan wewenang /
otonomi. Lingkup dan wewenang praktek keperawatan berdasarkan standar praktek
keperawatan yang bersifat dinamis antara lain terdiri dari </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Falsafah keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Tujuan askep</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Pegkajian keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Diagnosa keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">e. Perencanaan keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f. Intervensi keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">g. Evaluasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h. Catatan asuhan keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Nursing organization</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saat ini di
indonesia memilki organisasi profesi keperawatan dengan nama PPNI, dengan
aggaran dasar dan anggaran rumah tangga, sedangkan organisasi keperawatan di
dunia dengan nama internasional Council Of Nurse (ICN) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">G. Ciri-ciri keperawatan
sebagai profesi (prof Mc. Rifin Husin)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Memberi pelayanan / asuhan
keperawatan serta penelitian sesuai dengan kaidah ilmu dan keterampilan
keperawatan profesi serta kode etik keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Telah lulus dari pendidikan
pada jenjang perguruan tinggi (JPT) yang mapan demikian tenaga tersebut dapat :
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Bersikap profesi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Mempunyai pengetahuan dan
keterampilan professional</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Mampu memberi pelayanan
asuhan keperawatan professional</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Menggunakan etika keperawatan
dalam memberi pelayanan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Pengelolaan keperawatan oleh
tenaga keperawatan (NERS) sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah suatu profesi dalam
bidang kesehatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Sistem pelayanan / asuhan
keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Pendidikan keperawatan / pelatihan
keperawatan yang berjenjang berlanjut</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Perumusan standar
keperawatan asuhan keperawatan , pendidikan keperawatan registrasi / legislasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">d. Riset keperawatan oleh
Nersterlabsana secara terencana dan terarah sesuai dengan pengembangan IPTEK
dan dapat dikembangkan untuk peningkatan keperawatan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">H. Analisa keperawatan di
Indonesia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Situasi
keperawatan di indonesia saat ini dikaitkan dengan definisi , ciri dan kriteria
profesi adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Keperawatan di indonesia telah
memiliki paham ilmu pohon ilmu (Body of Knowledge) dan telah diakui secara
undang-undang oleh pemerintah Indonesia melalui UU No. 23 Th.1992 tentang kesehatan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Di indonesia telah ada institusi
pendidikan jenjeng perguruan tinggi yakni AKPER / DIII keperawatan , DIV
keperawatan , fakultas ilmu kesehatan keperawatan (SI) , program pasca sarjana
keperawatan (S2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Keperawatan di indonesia telah memiliki
kode etik keperawatan , standar profesi , standar praktek keperawatan , standar
pendidikan keperawatan , standar asuhan keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Keperawatan di indonesia telah
mempunyai legislasi keperawatan (sedang di proses menjadi undang-undang)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. Keperawatan di indonesia telah
mempunyai organisasi profesi keperawatan yakni persatuan perawat nasional
indonesia (PPNI)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6. Telah memberikan asuhan
keperawatan secara mandiri dengan menggunakan pendekatan proses keperawatan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">7. Telah melaksanakan riset
keperawatan</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa pendapat pandangan terhadap pengertian suatu profesi
menurut <b><i>Schein EH (1962)</i></b> Profesi merupakan sekumpulan pekerjaan
yang membangun suatu norma yang sangat khusus yang berasal dari peranannya di
masyarakat. <b><i>Hughes (1963)</i></b> mengungkapkan bahwa profesi merupakan
mengetahui yang lebih baik tentang sesuatu hal dari orang lain serta mengetahui
lebih baik dari kliennya tentang apa yang terjadi pada kliennya. Dan <b><i>Wilensky
(1964)</i></b> berpendapat bahwa profesi berasal dari perkataan profession yang
berarti suatu pekerjaan yang membutuhkan dukungan body of knowlegde sebagai
dasar bagi perkembangan teori yang sistematis meghadapi banyak tantangan baru
,dan karena itu membutuhkan pendidikan dan pelatihan yang cukup lama, memiliki
kode etik orientasi utamanya adalah melayani (alturism)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Profesi adalah pekerjaan, namun tidak semua pekerjaan adalah
profesi, karena profesi memiliki karakteristik sendiri yang membedakannya dari
pekerjaan lainnya yaitu Keterampilan yang berdasarkan pada pengetahuan
teoritis, Asosiasi professional, Pendidikan yang ekstensif, Ujian kompetensi,
Pelatihan institusional, lisensi, Otonomi kerja, kode etik, Mengatur Diri,
Layanan publik dan altruism, Status dan imbalan yang tinggi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Profesi mempunyai ciri ciri tersendiri yang menurut wilensky (1964)
yaitu : Pekerjaan profesi didukung oleh pohon ilmu (body of knowledge) yang
jelas wilayah garapan keilmuannya (anto loger) yang jelas wilayah garapan
keilmuan (epistomology) , serta pemanfaatan keilmuannya (axiology), Keahlian
profesi diperoleh melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan profesi yang
terarah,terencana,terus-menerus dan berjenjang (life long education), Pekerjaan
profesi diatur oleh kode etik profesi serta diakui secara legal melalui
perundang-undangan, Peraturan dan ketentuan yang mengatur hidup dan kehidupan
profesi standar pendidikan dan pelatihan (standar pelayanan dan kode etik)
serta pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan peraturan-peraturan tersebut dilakukan
sendiri oleh warga profesi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keperawatan sebagai profesi merupakan salah satu pekerjaan dimana
dalam menentukan tindakannya didasar pada ilmu pengetahuan serta memiliki
keterampilan yang jelas dalam keahliannya</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali,H.
Ziadin.Pengantar keperawatan profesional.<br />
Hidayat,Aziz Alimul.Konsep dasar keperawatan.</span></div>
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<cite><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">laskargaluh.blogspot.com/.../sejarah-perkembangan-<b>keperawatan</b>.htm</span></cite><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PROFESI
http://www.scribd.com/doc/53424508/KEPERAWATAN-SEBAGAI-PROFESI</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sumber : <a href="http://macrofag.blogspot.com/2013/03/makalah-keperawatan-sebagai-profesi.html">http://macrofag.blogspot.com/2013/03/makalah-keperawatan-sebagai-profesi.html</a>
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